IX. Retell the text.

X. Imagine that you are discussing medicines with your colleague-pharmacist. Match the phrases below. Complete and practice the conversation in pairs.

Pharmacist 1	Pharmacist 2
1.Speaking about herbal products…	1.I have a reference…here is how to store and care the most commonly used herbal products.
2.What would you recommend as a best way of storage?	2.Yes, I can give you one.
3.Do you have a glass container for dried herbs?	3.By the way, I heard something good about it.
4.What do you know about dark glass for the containers?	4.I think, everything’s in the smell. It should be good.
5.Do you know the first sign of well-made herbal medicine?	5. …They are easy to keep, I know.
6.My patients prefer to buy alcohol-based tinctures because…	6.Yes, by the whitish tinge.
7.Yes and it is easy to understand that a medicine’s expiry date is over.	7.So, we discussed some advantages and minuses of herbal products’ storage. What point will we choose?
8.I think, tinctures will be good.	8.Me too. Bye.
9.See you, good bye!	9.Yes, let’s discuss it, I need to decide the best form of medicine for my patient

XI.

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Topic: Antibiotics

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I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. Translate them:

1. antifungal adj. [antɪˈfʌŋɡ(ə)l]

2. coin n. [kɔɪn]

3. dilution n. [dʌɪˈluːʃn]

4. hydrogen n. [ˈhʌɪdrədʒ(ə)n]

5. quinolone n. [ˈkwɪnələʊn]

6. solely adj. [solely]

7. stall n. [stɔːl]

8. to produce v. [prəˈdjuːs]

9. origin n. [ˈɒrɪdʒɪn]

10. fungi n. [ˈfʌŋɡiː]

11. term n. [term]

12. to denote v. [dɪˈnəʊt]

13. to unite v. [juːˈnʌɪt]

14. relatively adv. [ˈrɛlətɪvli]

15. causative adj. [ˈkɔːzətɪv]

II. Read and translate the text. Antibiotics

Antibiotics are powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections. Used properly, antibiotics can save lives. They either kill bacteria or keep them from reproducing. You body’s natural defenses can usually take it from there.

Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses, such ascolds, flu, most coughs and bronchitis, sore throats, unless caused by strep.

If a virus is making you sick, taking antibiotics may do more harm than good. Each time you take antibiotics, you increase the chances that bacteria in your body will be able to resist them. Later, you could get or spread an infection that those antibiotics cannot cure.

When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. It is important to finish your medicine even if you feel better. Do not save antibiotics for later or use someone else’s prescription.

An antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria. The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic; today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic has come to denote a broader range of antimicrobial compounds, including antifungal and other compounds.

The term antibiotic was coined by Selman Waksman in 1942 to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution. This definition excluded substances that bacteria, but are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide). It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as sulfonamides. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.

With advances in medicinal chemistry, most of today’s antibacterials chemically are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactamantibacterials, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems.

Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are theminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials – for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones – are produced solely by chemical synthesis. In accordance with this, many antibacterial compounds are classified on the basis of chemical/biosynthetic origin into natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic. Another classification system is based on biological activity; in this classification, antibacterials are divided into two broad groups according to their biological effect on microorganisms: bactericidal agents kill bacteria, and bacteriostatic agents slow down or stall bacterial growth.