8. Answer the questions:

1.What are the causes of common cold?

2. What are the risk factors that can provoke cold and runny nose? Give your own considerations.

3. What are the main symptoms of cold/flu/grippe?

4. What are the “burning points” when you must seek medical advice?

5. Do antibiotics help in case of viral infections?

9. Make up a conversation.

Choose a leader who will play the role of a health care provider (a doctor, a nurse or a pharmacist). Ask him your questions about reasons, symptoms, risks and treatment of common cold. Ask question about the necessity of antibiotics in this case/in case of acute bronchitis/in case of lobular pneumonia/in case of pulmonary tuberculosis/in case of lung abscess.Mind these words and phrases:

acute and chronic stage; mild and severe form; respiratory tract; OTC (over-the-counter) medications; preliminary symptoms; temperature is 38 Degrees Celsius; subfebrile temperature; cold perspiration at night; loss of body weight; in-patient; out-patient; admission to the hospital; an ambulance; an experienced therapist; powerful medicines; to be taken twice a day.

10. Match the following adjectives with appropriate nouns.

common	cure
prescribed	professional
stuffy	headache
effective	throat
sore	medicine
healthcare	term
immune	compounds
synonymous	system
synthetic	nose
mild	cold

XII.

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Topic: Vitamins

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I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. Translate them:

1. complexity n. [kəmˈplɛksəti]

2. appropriate adj. [əˈprəʊprɪət]

3. maintenance n. [ˈmeɪnt(ə)nəns]

4. nutritional adj. [njuːˈtrɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l]

5. value n. [ˈvaljuː]

6. carotene n. [ˈkarətiːn]

7. to stratify v. [ˈstratɪfʌɪ]

8. to cease v. [siːs]

9. corneal adj. [ˈkɔːnɪə]

10. wrinkle n. [ˈrɪŋk(ə)l]

11. proliferate adj. [prəˈlɪfəreɪt]

12. yeast n. [jiːst]

13. mammalian adj. [məˈmeɪlɪən]

14. indispensable adj. [ɪndɪˈspɛnsəb(ə)l]

15. vitaminn. [ˈvʌɪtəmɪn]

II. Read and translate the text.

Vitamins

The vitamins are organic substances present in the food of the same order of chemical complexity as the natural hormones. They are not used as a source of energy, but are needed in appropriate usually very small amounts for the carrying out of specific bodily functions and consequently for the maintenance of normal bodily health.

Vitamin A closely related substance is B carotene which is readily transformed in the liver of most animal into molecules of vitamin A. In man carotene is not well absorbed so that in practice the nutritional value of the carotene of the diet is about half that of equivalent amounts of the vitamin.

Results of vitamin A deficiency. Striking changes are found in the eyes, intestine, and respiratory tract the outstanding histological feature is the tendency for stratified epithelia to become greatly thickened and for columnar epithelia to be transformed into transitional or stratified epithelia.

Eyes. The lachrymal glands cease to produce tears. The corneal epithelium becomes thickened, dry and wrinkled and secondarily may undergo necrosis or become infected. Inflammatory processes occur in the conjunctiva and may in vole the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, leading to complete blindness. The eye disorder is a specific sign of vitamin A deficiency.

Alimentary canal. The cells of the salivary glands do not secrete and appear shrunken: The epithelium of the ducts is proliferated and the lumen is partially occluded. The mucus – secreting cells of the intestine are atrophied and the of the villi are necrotic masses of bacteria may be found filling the Lumina of the glands.

Vitamin B group. This group consists of a series of water soluble organic substances which are found in the tissues of all species from the lowly bacteria protozoa or yeasts up to the highest with tissue oxidations.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, cevitamic acid). It is found in fresh foodstuffs: fruit juices, e.g., orange or lemon; vegetables, e.g., raw cabbage leaves, tomatoes and to some extent in potatoes. It is present in small amounts in fresh milk (more especially human milk) and in raw meat juice; pasteurized milk is nearly devoid of the vitamin. The vitamin C content of fresh milk varies with the diet of the cow, being large in amount in summer, when the animal is fed on green stiffs, and much less in winter.

Vitamin D promotes calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestine and is essential for the normal calcification of bone and the prevention and cure of rickets. It is found mainly in fish-liver oils and in yolk of egg; it is present to a small degree in animal tats, end is practically absent from vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil). The vitamin D content of milk, butter and eggs depends on the vitamin content of the diet and on the season, being higher in the summer than in the winter.

Vitamin E is found in highest concentration in the embryo of wheat, in olive oil, in seeds and green leaves; there is little in milk fat and none in cod-liver oil. It is present, but not in high concentrations, in animal tissues, chiefly in the fat and muscles.

Vitamin K. Natural vitamin K is a specific fat-soluble dietary constituent of known chemical composition which maintains the normal level of plasma prothrombin and consequently the normal coagulability of blood.