- •15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
- •Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
- •The formation and use of the Passive Voice in English.!!!
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
- •Modal verbs (can, could, may, might). Meaning and use.
- •Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
- •25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
- •26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
- •27. The Subjunctive Mood in complex sentences.
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject.!!!!
- •Rules of agreement
- •Conjunctions and connectives.
- •Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
- •Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
- •The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
- •Interrogative sentences
- •The General and pronominal interrogative sentences formation.!!!!
- •Interrogative sentence. Tag-question formation.
- •Word order. Common pattern of the sentence in English. Inversion.
- •39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
- •Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
- •The Subject. Ways of expressing the Subject.
- •Formal and informal subject “it”.
- •Formal subject “it” and “there”.!!!!!
- •The Grammatical classification of the subject.
- •2. By some noun-pronouns:
- •3. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase.
- •In the latter case two negative сonstructions are possible:
- •The Predicate as the principal part of the sentence. Structural classification of the predicate.
- •The Simple predicate.!!!!!
- •The Compound predicate.
- •48. The Predicate and Predicative. Ways of expressing the Predicative.
- •The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate. !!!!!!!1
- •The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
- •The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. !!!!1
- •The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers.
- •Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.
- •The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time. !!!!!!
- •The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.
- •The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.
- •The Composite sentence. Nominal clauses.!!!!!!!1
- •The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
- •The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
- •The Complex sentence. Attributive clauses.
Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. Речення є одиницею промови, чия граматична структура відповідає законам мови і яка служить в якості головних засобів передачі думки.
A sentence is not only a means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing the speaker's attitude to it.
Речення є не тільки засобом спілкування про щось реальне, але також засобом показу ставлення мовця до цього.
The classification of simple sentences is based on two principles:
♥according to the purpose of the utterance; • відповідно до мети висловлювання;
♥according to the structure. • відповідно до структури.
According to the purpose of the utterance we distinguish 4 kinds of sentences.
1. The declarative sentence. Розповідне
A declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form. Констатує факт в позитивній або негативній формі.
2. The interrogative sentence. Питальне
An interrogative sentence asks a question.
There are four kinds of questions:
(a) General question Do you like art? Can you speak English?
(b)Special questions beginning with an interrogative word and spoken with a falling intonation. Where do you live? Who lives in this room? Whose pen is on the table?
(c) Alternative questions, indicating choice. Do you live in town or in the country?
(d)Disjunctive questions requiring the answer yes or no and consisting of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question. You speak English, don't you? You are not tired, are you?
3.The imperative sentence. An imperative sentence serves to induce a person to do something, so it expresses a command, a request, an invitation, etc. Come to the blackboard! Stop talking!
4.The exclamatory sentence. Окличні An exclamatory sentence expesses some kind of emotion or feeling. It often begins with the words what and how, it is always in the declarative form, i. e. no inversion takes place. What a lovely day it is! What fine weather! How wonderful! Beautiful!
According to their structure simple sentences are divided into two-member and one-member sentences.
A two-member sentence has two members— a subject and a predicate. If one of them is missing it can be easily understood from the context. Fleur had established immediate contact with an architect. (Galsworthy)
A two-member sentence may be complete or incomplete.
It is complete when it has a subject and a predicate. Young Jolyon could not help smiling. (Galsworthy)
It is incomplete when one of the principal parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the context. Such sentences are called elliptical and are mostly used in colloquial speech and especially in dialogue.
A one-member sentence is a sentence having only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate.
One-member sentences are generally used in descriptions and in emotional speech.
Simple sentences, both two-member and one-member, can be unextended and extended. Пиширені або непоширені
A sentence consisting only of the primary or principal parts is called an unextended sentence. She is a student. Birds fly. Winter!
An extended sentence is a sentence consisting of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes, or adverbial modifiers). The two native women stole furtive glances at Sarie. (Abrahams) The two white overseers ... had gone into the hills with the natives to look for stray sheep. (Abrahams)