- •15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
- •Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
- •The formation and use of the Passive Voice in English.!!!
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
- •Modal verbs (can, could, may, might). Meaning and use.
- •Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
- •25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
- •26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
- •27. The Subjunctive Mood in complex sentences.
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject.!!!!
- •Rules of agreement
- •Conjunctions and connectives.
- •Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
- •Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
- •The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
- •Interrogative sentences
- •The General and pronominal interrogative sentences formation.!!!!
- •Interrogative sentence. Tag-question formation.
- •Word order. Common pattern of the sentence in English. Inversion.
- •39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
- •Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
- •The Subject. Ways of expressing the Subject.
- •Formal and informal subject “it”.
- •Formal subject “it” and “there”.!!!!!
- •The Grammatical classification of the subject.
- •2. By some noun-pronouns:
- •3. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase.
- •In the latter case two negative сonstructions are possible:
- •The Predicate as the principal part of the sentence. Structural classification of the predicate.
- •The Simple predicate.!!!!!
- •The Compound predicate.
- •48. The Predicate and Predicative. Ways of expressing the Predicative.
- •The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate. !!!!!!!1
- •The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
- •The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. !!!!1
- •The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers.
- •Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.
- •The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time. !!!!!!
- •The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.
- •The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.
- •The Composite sentence. Nominal clauses.!!!!!!!1
- •The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
- •The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
- •The Complex sentence. Attributive clauses.
25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
The infinitive is used after modal verbs, semi-modal verbs (also called marginal modals) and other modal expressions.
Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should and must) are followed by a bare infinitive:
I could hear the dog barking outside. You must be joking. He may have caught the train. You should have told me earlier.
Semi-modal verbs (marginal modals). Used is followed by a to-infinitive: They used to live by the sea. Они привыкли жить у моря.
Ought is followed by a to-infinitive: You ought to know that by now. Ты должен знать это сейчас. They ought to have insisted on some compensation.Они должны настаивать на компенсацию.
♥When used as modal verbs, dare and need are followed by a bare infinitive: Need you make so much noise? You needn't have been so rude. How dare she criticise us?
♥When used as a main verb, need is followed by a to-infinitive: Do you need to use the hairdryer?
Dare as a main verb can take a bare infinitive or a to-infinitive: He didn't dare (to) look back. Он не осмелился обернуться.
But in the expression Don't you dare..., it always takes a bare infinitive: Don't you dare interrupt me! Не смей меня перебивать!
Other modal expressions
Other modal expressions are usually followed by a to-infinitive, with the exception of had better and would rather, which are followed by a bare infinitive:
Will journalists be allowed to ask questions? Hurry up! The ceremony is about to begin! Kevin is stuck in a traffic jam, so he is bound to be late. Negotiations were due to take place later that week. Smokers are more likely to develop lung cancer compared to non-smokers. You are not to do that again. We had better leave soon. I'd rather go by bike than walk.
26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
Mood is a grammatical category which indicates an attitude of the speaker to the action expressed by the verb (predicate) from the point of view of its reality. Настроение это грамматическая категория, которая указывает на отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному глаголом (предикат) с точки зрения его реальности. In Modern English we distinguish three moods; The Indicative Mood. Орієнтовний настрій. Факт. The Imperative Mood. Імперативний настрій. The Subjunctive Mood. Умовний спосіб. The subjunctive mood shows that the action expressed by the verb, is not the real fact, but only the desire, hypothesis, offer, demand, condition or doubt, realization of which is doubtful, it is impossible (impossible) or suspected. In English, there are 2 ways of the formation subjunctive: При помощи вспомогательных глаголов should и would в сочетании с Simple или Perfect Infinitive смыслового глагола без частицы to. В английском языке существуют две формы сослагательного наклонения.
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Subjunctive I Если высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему времени (Present Subjunctive), форма сослагательного I совпадает с формой Future in the Past: It's a pity you can't come tomorrow. Peter would help you. - Жаль, что вы не можете прийти завтра. Петр помог бы вам. Если высказывание относится к предшествующему периоду (Past Subjunctive), то форма сослагательного наклонения совпадает с формой Future Perfect in the Past: Why didn't you phone him yesterday? He would have helped you. - Почему ты не позвонил ему вчера? Он бы помог тебе.
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Subjunctive II Форма сослагательного II совпадает с формой Past Indefinite (Simple), если высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему времени, и с формой Past Perfect, если высказывание относится к предшествующему периоду. If I had any free time now or tomorrow, I should do the work myself. - Если бы у меня было свободное время сейчас или завтра, я бы сделала эту работу сама. Глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц в настоящем и будущем времени и had been для всех лиц в прошедшем времени: If I were rich I shouldn't work at all. - Если бы я был богат, я бы совсем не работал. 2. От основы глагола: to be имеет формы I be, you be, he/she be, we be, they be в настоящем времени и I were, you were, he/she were, they were в прошедшем времени. If any person be found guilty. - Если бы нашли виновного. Whatever be the reason. - Какова бы ни была причина. |