49. The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.

Adverbial clauses of cause. An adverbial clause of cause (reason) shows the cause of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of cause are introduced by the conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that); in official style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions on the ground that, for the reason that and some others. As he had a liking for the spot, he seldom let a week pass without paying it a visit. (Dickens) Letters were infrequent in his world and not very welcome because more often than not they contained bad news. (Priestley) Since he had a certain talent for composition, his English master encouraged him to write little pieces … for the college magazine. (Cronin) He is suspicious and jealous for fear anyone else might, want to share in his power. (Lawrence)

Adverbial clauses of purpose. мета Adverbial clauses of purpose state the purpose of the action expressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the conjunctions that, in order that, so that, lest (чтобы не) and some others. She kept her back to the window that he might not see her rising colour. (Hardy) Wounds sometimes must be opened in order that they may be healed. (Trollope) I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not be seen. (Du Maurler) .. he made all these exclamations in a carefully suppressed voice, lest the valet should overhear anything. (Dickens)

Adverbial clauses of result. Adverbial clauses of result denote the result of the action expressed in the principal clause. Very often adverbial clauses of this type have an additional meaning of degree. Adverbial clauses of pure result are introduced by the conjunction so that; they are usually separated from the principal clause by a comma. Darkness had fallen and a keen blizzard was blowing, so that the streets were nearly deserted. Adverbial clauses of result with an additional meaning of degree are introduced by the conjunction  (Обставини результаne з додатковим значенням ступеня вводяться сполучником) that; in these cases we find the adverb so of the demonstrative pronoun such in the principal clause. He is so weak physically that he can hardly move. (Shaw) Tom was in ecstasies — in such ecstasiesthat he even controlled his tongue and was silent.

49. The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.

Unlike a simple sentence that consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses, a composite sentence is built up by two or more predicative lines.

It can be defined as a structural and semantic unity of two or more syntactic constructions each having a predicative center of its own, built on  the basis of a syntactic connection and used in speech communication as a unit  of the same rank as the simple sentence.  Вона може бути визначена як структурна і семантична єдність двох або більше синтаксичних конструкцій, кожна з яких маэ власний присудковий центр, побудований на основі синтаксичного зв'язку і використовується в мовної комунікації як одиниця того ж рангу, як просте речення.

The following characteristics should be kept in mind when discussing  composite sentences:  - the type of syntactic connection (coordination or subordination);  вид звязку - the rank of predicative constructions, that is, the place occupied by the  predicative construction in the hierarchy of clauses; місце що займає присудкова конструкція - presence or absence of connectors and their character. Наявність або відсутність зв'язку і їх характер.

A general classification of composite sentences can be based on the first two  criteria

– the type of syntactic connection and the rank of predicative constructions.  Here compound and complex sentences are singled out.

In the compound sentence  predicative constructions of the high rank are connected by means of coordination ------------while in the complex sentence – by means of subordination. 

According to the way in which parts of the composite sentence are joined  together, two types can be singled out:  1) syndetic (by means of connectors);  зі сполучниками 2) asyndetic (without any connectors).  Без

The connector can either be a conjunction, a pronoun or an adverb.

If it is a conjunction, its function in the sentence is to join the clauses together.

If it is a pronoun or an adverb (i. e. a relative pronoun or a relative adverb), then it serves as a part of one of the two clauses which are joined (a subject, object, adverbial  modifier, etc.), and also joins the two clauses together. 

There can be disputable cases when it is not quite clear a composite sentence  is syndetic or asyndetic. It depends on the way we view a particular word.  e.g. The one thing she seems to aim at is Individuality; yet she cares nothing  for  individuals. 

The second clause of the composite sentence opens with the word yet, so we  may say that it is an adverb and the connection is asyndetic, or else, that it is a  conjunction and the connection is syndetic.