39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
The independent elements of the sentence are words and word-groups which are not grammatically dependent on any part of the sentence.
1.Interjections, such as ah, oh, hurrah, eh, hallo, goodness gracious, good heavens, etc. Oh, if I only knew what a dreadful thing it is to be clean, I'd never come. "Oh gracious me! that innocent Toots," returned Susan hysterically. |
2.Direct address. Good morning, sweet child! Don't be tiresome, Marcellus! |
3.Parenthesis. Вставні слова A parenthesis shows' the speaker's attitude the thought expressed in the sentence or connects a given sentence with another one, or summarizes that which is said in the sentence. A parenthesis is connected with the rest of the sentence rather semantically than grammatically. No question can be put to it. To be sure, Morris had treated her badly of late. (Prichard) But you shouldn't pay him to-night anyway, you're his guest. |
Parenthesis A parenthesis can be expressed by: 1. Modal words, such certainly, assuredly, in fact, truly, naturally, surely, actually, possibly, perhaps, evidently, obviously, maybe. Luckily, poor dear Roger had been spared this dreadful anxiety. (Galsworthy) 2.Adverbs which to a certain extent serve as connectives (прислівники, які певною мірою служать як зв'язок, сполучники), such as firstly, secondly, finally, thus, consequently, then, anyway, moreover, besides, still, yet, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore, etc. He mightn't like it. Besides, uncle Soames wants to get back, I suppose.
3. Prepositional phrases (прийменникові фрази), such as in a word, in truth, in my opinion, in short, by the by, on the one hand, on the contrary, at least, etc. Everybody has his own problem. Mine is practically worthless, for instance.
4.Infinitive and participial phrases (Інфінітив та дієприкметникові фрази), such as to be sure, to tell the truth, to begin with, generally speaking, strictly speaking, etc. To tell the truth, I don't want to go there.
Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
The subject and the predicate present the base of the sentence: without them the sentence would not exist at all, whill all other parts may or may not be there.
The subject is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:
♥It denotes the thing whose action or characteristic is expressed by the predicate.
♥It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.
It may be expressed by different parts of speech, the most frequent ones being: a noun in the common case, a personal pronoun in the nominative case, a demonstrative pronoun occasionally, a substantivized adjective, a numeral, an infinitive, and a gerund. Structurally subjects fall into four types: the simple subject, the phrasal subject, the complex subject, and the clausal subject.
1. The simple subject is expressed by a single word-form (одна слово-форма): Spring has come at last. Smoking is bad for your health. To live is to struggle.
2. The phrasal subject is expressed by any of the phrases mentioned above (Фразовий підмет виражається будь-якою зі згаданих вище фраз) (nominal phrases, infinitive phrases, gerundial phrases): Building houses becomes more difficult. To ask him again was impossible. The blue of the sky deepened visibly.
3. The complex subject is expressed by different predicative complexes:
a) For-to-infinitive constructions: For him to earn bread was a problem.
b) Gerundial constructions: My meeting him again was a surprise.
4. The clausal subject is expressed by a subject clause: Who has done this is still to be found. Where he lives is unknown to me.
The predicate is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:
♥It denotes the action or property (властивість) of the thing expressed by the subject.
♥It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.
♥Ways of expressing the predicate are varied and their structure will better be considered under the heading of types of predicate.
♥It is sometimes claimed that the predicate agrees in number with the subject.
Predicates may be classified in 2 ways, one of which is based on their structure (simple or compound), and the other on their morphological characteristics (verbal or nominal).
Structural classification:
From the structural point of view there are two main types of predicate: the simple predicate and the compound predicate.
Both these types may be nominal or verbal, which gives 4 subgroups: simple verbal, simple nominal, compound verbal, compound nominal.
Compound verbal predicates may be further classified into phasal, modal and of double orientation.
Compound nominal predicates may be classified into nominal proper and double nominal.