- •15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
- •Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
- •The formation and use of the Passive Voice in English.!!!
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
- •Modal verbs (can, could, may, might). Meaning and use.
- •Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
- •25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
- •26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
- •27. The Subjunctive Mood in complex sentences.
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject.!!!!
- •Rules of agreement
- •Conjunctions and connectives.
- •Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
- •Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
- •The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
- •Interrogative sentences
- •The General and pronominal interrogative sentences formation.!!!!
- •Interrogative sentence. Tag-question formation.
- •Word order. Common pattern of the sentence in English. Inversion.
- •39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
- •Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
- •The Subject. Ways of expressing the Subject.
- •Formal and informal subject “it”.
- •Formal subject “it” and “there”.!!!!!
- •The Grammatical classification of the subject.
- •2. By some noun-pronouns:
- •3. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase.
- •In the latter case two negative сonstructions are possible:
- •The Predicate as the principal part of the sentence. Structural classification of the predicate.
- •The Simple predicate.!!!!!
- •The Compound predicate.
- •48. The Predicate and Predicative. Ways of expressing the Predicative.
- •The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate. !!!!!!!1
- •The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
- •The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. !!!!1
- •The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers.
- •Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.
- •The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time. !!!!!!
- •The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.
- •The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.
- •The Composite sentence. Nominal clauses.!!!!!!!1
- •The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
- •The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
- •The Complex sentence. Attributive clauses.
The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
The object is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun. Додаток представляє собою другорядний член речення, який довершує чи обмежує значення дієслова або іноді прикметника, слова, що позначає стан, або іменника.
Haviland closed the door. (Wilson) I was very proud of it. (Braddon) He had never liked Soames. He now held him responsible for Bosinney's death. "You are afraid of dying," said Bing. (Heym)
There are three kinds of objects in English: the direct object, the indirect, and the cognate object. (прямий, непрямий і споріднений).
The direct object. The direct object is used after transitive verbs with which it is closely connected as it denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb. It is used without any preposition. Прямий додаток використовується після перехідних (проміжних) дієслів, з якими він тісно пов'язаний, так як вони позначають особу або предмет, безпосередньо уражених від дії дієслова. Він використовується без прийменників. Прямий додаток — це додаток, що означає предмет, на який безпосередньо переходить дія. Again I moved my head negatively. (Braddon)
Thus, if a transitive verb takes only one object expressed by a noun or pronoun without a preposition, it is always a direct object.
Якщо перехідне дієслово приймає тільки один додаток, виражений іменником або займенником без прийменника, він завжди є прямим додатком.
I help my brother in his work. I helped him. Я помогал ему. I envied him. Я завидовал ему. Он сел на лошадь. Не mounted the horse. Он играет в шахматы. Не plays chess.
There are a few English verbs which can have two direct objects.
I asked him his name. Forgive me this question. She taught them French.
The indirect object.
The indirect object denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed. There are also cases when it denotes a thing.
Непрямий додаток позначає живу істоту, до якої дія дієслова направлена. Є також випадки, коли воно позначає річ.
There are two types of indirect object:
1. The indirect object of the first type, which expresses the addressee of the action. She gave him an interesting book to read. Don't forget to buy him a toy on his birthday. He забудьте купить ему игрушку ко дню рождения.
When I was ill she often read to me. Won't you sing to me? Write to me as often as you can.
2.The indirect object of the second type, which is more frequently used with intransitive verbs than with transitive ones and which does not always express the addressee' of the action. Непрямий додаток другого типу, який частіше використовується з діяловами, ніж з перехідними дієсловами і який не завжди висловлює адресата дії.
An idea had occurred to Soames. (Galsworthy) My childhood was passed with a grandmother. (Dickens)
I want to thank you for your kindness. I am uneasy about it. She was not awareof his being there.
Her behaviour to her friends was irreproachable. Yates's mind was like a cauldron in which boiled the general tension in town, the expectation of getting to Yasha. (Heym)
The complex object.
The complex object consists of two components, of which the second stands in predicate relation to the first. The two components form an indivisible unit and consequently must be regarded as one part of the sentence. The complex object can be non-prepositional and prepositional. Комплексний додаток складається з двох компонентів, з яких друга знаходиться в присудку по відношенню до першої. Ці два компоненти є невід'ємною одиницею і, отже, повинні розглядатися як одна частина речення. Комплексний додаток може бути безприйменниковим і прийменниковим.
I observed Agnes turn pale. Thus these two waited with impatience for the three years to be over.
The first component of the complex object is a noun in the common case or in the possessive case, a personal pronoun in the objective case, or a possessive pronoun; the second is an infinitive, a participle, a gerund, seldom a noun, an adjective, a word denoting state, or a prepositional phrase.
He hated her to work in the boarding house. (Prichard) He could see the man and Great Beaver talking together. (London) She thinks herself very clever. As he spoke, he felt himself unusually on edge. (Lindsay)
The cognate object.
There is a special kind of object in English which has the following peculiarities.
1.It is used with intransitive verbs though it has no preposition. Він використовується неперехідними дієсловами, хоча він не має прийменників.
2.It is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in meaning. Він виражається іменником, яке є або того ж кореня як і дієслово або схожий на нього за змістом.
3.It is almost regularly attended by an attribute with which it forms a combination that is close in meaning to an adverbial modifier:to live a happy life – to life happily. Він такоє регулярно "співпрацює" з означенням, з якою він утворює комбінацію, яка близька за змістом до обставини.
The cognate object is generally used in such combinations as: to smile a sad smile, to laugh a bitter laugh, to die a violent death, etc.
But she died a dreadful death, poor soul.. (Collins) Но она погибла ужасной смертью, бедняжка..
For the next four days he lived a simple and blameless life on thin captain's biscuits. В течение последующих четырех дней он жил простой непорочной жизнью и питался постными капитанскими сухарями.
