- •15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
- •Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
- •The formation and use of the Passive Voice in English.!!!
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
- •Modal verbs (can, could, may, might). Meaning and use.
- •Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
- •25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
- •26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
- •27. The Subjunctive Mood in complex sentences.
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject.!!!!
- •Rules of agreement
- •Conjunctions and connectives.
- •Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
- •Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
- •The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
- •Interrogative sentences
- •The General and pronominal interrogative sentences formation.!!!!
- •Interrogative sentence. Tag-question formation.
- •Word order. Common pattern of the sentence in English. Inversion.
- •39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
- •Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
- •The Subject. Ways of expressing the Subject.
- •Formal and informal subject “it”.
- •Formal subject “it” and “there”.!!!!!
- •The Grammatical classification of the subject.
- •2. By some noun-pronouns:
- •3. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase.
- •In the latter case two negative сonstructions are possible:
- •The Predicate as the principal part of the sentence. Structural classification of the predicate.
- •The Simple predicate.!!!!!
- •The Compound predicate.
- •48. The Predicate and Predicative. Ways of expressing the Predicative.
- •The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate. !!!!!!!1
- •The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
- •The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. !!!!1
- •The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers.
- •Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.
- •The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time. !!!!!!
- •The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.
- •The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.
- •The Composite sentence. Nominal clauses.!!!!!!!1
- •The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
- •The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
- •The Complex sentence. Attributive clauses.
The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
An adverbial clause performs the function of an adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the principal clause. Прислівниковий клаус виконує функцію обставини. Він може модифікувати дієслово, прикметник або прислівник в головній частині. He stopped as Kravat came rushing out. He was getting on better than he'd expected. Frank … returned to the auction room as fast as his legs would carry him.
According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses: adverbial clauses of time, place, cause (reason), purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, and comparison.
Adverbial clauses are joined to the principal clause by means of subordinating conjunctions; they are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically except sometimes adverbial clauses of condition.
An adverbial clause may precede the clause to which it is subordinated or follow it. In the first case it is separated from "the principal clause by a comma, in the second, as a rule, no comma is used. An adverbial clause may also interrupt the principal clause, in which case a comma is used at the beginning and at the end of it. An adverbial clause може передувати clause, до якого він підлеглий або за яким слідує. У першому випадку він відокремлений від "головнї частини комою, у другому, як правило, кома не використовується. Прислівниковий пункт може також перервати основний пункт, в цьому випадку кома використовується на початку і в кінці його.
When things are at the worst, they're sure to mend. (Collins) He was sipping the whisky and soda when she returned. (Cronin)
The first words, when we had taken our seats, were spoken by my lady. (Collins)
If we have two or more homogeneous adverbial clauses they are separated from each other by a comma. He (Oliver) was still the same gentle, attached, affectionate creature that he had been when pain and suffering had wasted his strength, and when he was dependent for every slight attention and comfort on those who tended him. (Dickens)
The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of 2 or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause is part of a sentence which has a subject and a predicate of its own. In a compound sentence the clauses may be connected:
The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted. (Lindsay) He knew there were excuses for his father, yet he felt sick at heart. (Cronin) (b) asyndetically, i. e. without a conjunction or conjunctive adverb. The rain fell softly, the house was quiet. (Collins)
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Types of coordination. We can distinguish' the following types of coordination: |
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1.Copulative coordination (соединительная связь), expressed by the conjunctions and, nor, neither .. nor, not only .. but (also). With the help of these conjunctions the statement expressed in one clause is simply added to that expressed in another. It was a nice little place and Mr. and Mrs. Witla were rather proud of it. (Dreiser) Mr. Home did not lift his eyes from his breakfast-plate for about two minutes, nor did he speak. Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily, and there were many new words in his vocabulary. (London)
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3. Adversative coordination (противительная связь) expressed by the conjunctions but, while,1 whereas and the conjunctive adverbs nevertheless, still, yet. These are conjunctions and adverbs connecting two clauses contrasting in meaning. з'єднує два положення контрастні за змістом
The room was dark, but the street was lighter because of its lamps. (Dickens) He had a glass eye which remained stationary, while the other eye looked at Reinhardt. (Heym) The old school-room was now a sitting room.. whereas one of the old nurseries was now the modern school-room. (Trollope) I was not unhappy, not much afraid, yet I wept. (Ch. Bronte)
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2.Disjunctive coordination (разделительная связь) expressed by the conjunctions or, else, or else, either.. or, and the conjunctive adverb otherwise. By these a choice is offered between the statements expressed in two clauses. He knew it to be nonsense or it would have frightened him. (Galsworthy) Don't come near me with that look else I'll knock you down. (Eliot) .. don't fret, and don't expect too much of him,orelsehe will feel you to be troublesome.. .. either our union must be consecrated and sealed by marriage or it cannot exist. (Ch. Bronte) A painter has to be forbidding, Dad, otherwise people would think he was cadging. (Galsworthy) |
4.Causative-consecutive coordination (причинно-следственная связь) expressed by the conjunctions for, so and the conjunctive adverbs therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence. For introduces coordinate clauses explaining the preceding statement. Therefore, so, consequently, hence, accordingly introduce coordinate clauses denoting cause, consequence and result.
There was something amiss with Mr. Lightwood, for he was strangely grave and looked ill. After all, the two of them belonged to the same trade, so talk was easy and happy between them. (Priestley) Hers (Lillian's) was not a soul that ever loved passionately, hence she could not suffer passionately. (Dreiser)
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