- •15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
- •Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
- •The formation and use of the Passive Voice in English.!!!
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
- •Modal verbs (can, could, may, might). Meaning and use.
- •Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
- •25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
- •26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
- •27. The Subjunctive Mood in complex sentences.
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject.!!!!
- •Rules of agreement
- •Conjunctions and connectives.
- •Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
- •Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
- •The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
- •Interrogative sentences
- •The General and pronominal interrogative sentences formation.!!!!
- •Interrogative sentence. Tag-question formation.
- •Word order. Common pattern of the sentence in English. Inversion.
- •39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
- •Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
- •The Subject. Ways of expressing the Subject.
- •Formal and informal subject “it”.
- •Formal subject “it” and “there”.!!!!!
- •The Grammatical classification of the subject.
- •2. By some noun-pronouns:
- •3. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase.
- •In the latter case two negative сonstructions are possible:
- •The Predicate as the principal part of the sentence. Structural classification of the predicate.
- •The Simple predicate.!!!!!
- •The Compound predicate.
- •48. The Predicate and Predicative. Ways of expressing the Predicative.
- •The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate. !!!!!!!1
- •The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
- •The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. !!!!1
- •The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers.
- •Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.
- •The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time. !!!!!!
- •The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.
- •The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.
- •The Composite sentence. Nominal clauses.!!!!!!!1
- •The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
- •The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
- •The Complex sentence. Attributive clauses.
The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
The sentence is a minimal unit of communication.
Declarative sentences A declarative sentence contains a statement which gives the reader or the listener some information about various events, activities or attitudes, thoughts and feelings. Statements form the bulk of monological speech, and the greater part of conversation. A statement may be positive or negative, as in: I have just come back from a business trip.I haven’t seen my sister yet. |
Interrogative sentences Interrogative sentences contain questions. Their communicative function consists in asking for information. All varieties of questions may be structurally reduced to two main types, general questions (also called “yes-no” questions) and pronominal questions (otherwise called “special” or “wh” - questions). |
General questions In general questions the speaker is interested to know whether some event or phenomenon asked about exists or does not exist; accordingly the answer may be positive or negative, thus containing or implying “yes” or “no”. Does your sister go figure-skating? Is that girl a friend of yours? Can you speak French? |
Alternative questions An alternative question implies a choice between two or more alternative answers. Like a “yes-no” question, it opens with an operator, but the suggestion of choice expressed by the disjunctive conjunction or makes the “yes-no” answer impossible. Will you go to the opera or to the concert to-night? |
Tag questions A tag question is a short “yes-no” question added to a statement. It consists only of an operator prompted by the predicate verb of the statement and a pronoun prompted by the subject. Generally the tag has a rising tone. You know French, don’t you? - Yes, a bit. George is a football fan, isn’t he? - He certainly is.
|
Suggestive questions (навідні запитання) Suggestive questions, also called declarative questions, form a peculiar kind of "yes-no" questions. They keep the word order of statements but serve as questions owing to the rising tone in speaking and a question mark in writing, as in: You really want to go now, tonight? - Yes, nothing could make me stay.
You still don’t believe me, Aunt Nora? - No, I don't. |
Pronominal questions Pronominal questions open with an interrogative pronoun or a pronominal adverb, the function of which is to get more detailed and exact information about some event or phenomenon known to the speaker and listener. The interrogative pronouns and adverbs which function as question words are as follows: what, which, who, whom, whose, where, when, why, how and the archaic whence (= where from), whither (= where, where to), wherefore (= what for, why). |
Question words preceded by prepositions are usually employed as echo questions. No information is missing in the previous remark, the whole idea is questioned. They express surprise, incredulity and sometimes incomprehension. Let’s talk about life on Saturn. - About what? I opened the door with a pin. - With what? You are a shameless liar, - I am a what? Our neighbour was born in 1973. - She was born when? |
Rhetorical questions Both general and pronominal questions may serve as rhetorical questions. A rhetorical question contains a statement disguised as a question. Usually it is a positive question hiding a negative statement. No answer is expected. Can any one say what truth is? (No one can say what it is.) What else could I do? (I could do nothing.) Who would have thought to meet you here? (Nobody would.) |
Imperative sentences Imperative sentences express commands which convey the desire of the speaker to make someone, generally the listener, perform an action. Besides commands proper, imperative sentences may express prohibition, a request, an invitation, a warning, persuasion, etc., depending on the situation, context, wording, or intonation. Stand up! Sit down. Open your textbooks. Be quick!
|
Exclamatory sentences The main distinctive feature of this communicative type of sentence is a specific intonation; structurally it is variable. You do look a picture of health! (statement). Hurry up! (command).
|
Verbless Commands are sometimes expressed without an imperative verb, as in: Silence! Water, please. To the right! Off with you! Gently, darling. Careful, please. No smoking! Hush! |
Interrogative sentences. Types of interrogative sentences.