1. Change commands and requests into indirect speech

Direct order	Reported order
She said, "Eat your food now!"	She told the boy…
The policeman said: "Get out of your car!"	The policeman instructed….
She said, "You must make the bed before you go to work!"	She told her husband….
The doctor said: "Don't smoke in here!"	The doctor told them…

b) Complete the sentences

Example: Direct speech: I said to him, ‘Obey your parents.’

Indirect speech: I advised him to obey his parents. OR I advised him that he should obey his parents.

1. Direct speech: The teacher said to the boys, ‘Work hard.’

Indirect speech: The teacher advised the boys….

2. Direct speech: Jim said to me, ‘Lend me your pen, please.’

Indirect speech: Jim requested me….

3. Direct speech: The doctor said to the patient, ‘Do not consume too much sugar.’

Indirect speech: The doctor advised the patient….

4. Direct speech: The father said to the son, ‘Put that book back on the shelf when you have finished with it.’

Indirect speech: The father asked the son… 

c) Choose the most suitable word for each space.

The threat to the environment.

Nowadays people are more aware that wildlife all over the world is in (1)….many (2)… of animals are threatened, and could easily become(3)… if we do not make an effort to (4)…them. There are many reasons for this. In some cases, animals are (5)…for their fur or for other valuable parts of their bodies. Some birds, (6)…as parrots, are caught (7)… , and sold as pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is their habitat- the (8)… where they live-is (9)… More (10)…is used for farms, for houses or industry, and there are fewer open (11)…than there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help them grow better (12)…, but these chemicals pollute the environment and (13) wildlife. The most successful animals on earth-human beings-will soon be the only once (14)…, unless we can (15)… this problem.

1. a) danger b) threat c) problem d) vanishing

2. a) marks b) more c) species d) forms

3. a) disappeared b) vanished c)empty d) extinct

4. a) harm b) safe c) protect d) serve

5. a) hunted b) chased c) game d) extinct

6. a) like b) such c) or d) where

7. a) lively b) alive c) for life d) for living

8. a) spot b) point c) place d)site

9. a) exhausting b) departing c)escaping d) disappearing

10. a) each b) land c) soil d) area

11. a) spaces b) air c) up d) parts

12. a) products b) fields c) herbs d) crops

13. a) spoil b) harm c)wound d)wrong

14. a) survived b) over c) missing d) left

15. A) answer b) calculate c) solve d) explain

d) Some people think that cars should be banned from the centres of big cities. What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write an essay. (150 words)

Use the following the plan.

1. Make an introduction (state the problem)

2. Express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for it

3. Express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for it

4. Explain why you don’t agree with it

5. Make a conclusion restating your opinion

Module 2 Unit 7

Green peace

GRAMMAR

Prepositions. Prepositional phrases.

Time expressions: nowadays, these days, in, calendar references, eventually, in the end… . Expressing reason, text organizers: sequencing, adding, giving opinions, summing up: as, since, for, on account of, owing to, due to.

Types of Preposition

 

The types of preposition are as follows:

       1. Preposition for Time        2. Preposition for Place         3. Preposition for Direction        4. Preposition for Agent        5. Preposition for Instrument        6. Prepositional Phrase

 

Prepositions for Time (in, on, at)

Prepositions used for time of different natures are in, on at etc.

 

Preposition	Time Nature
In	1. Month or Year.  e.g. in January, in 1985 2. Particular time of day or month or year e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter 3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present
On	1. Day  e.g. on Monday 2. Date e.g. on 5th of March, March 5 3. Particular day e.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,
At	1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM 2. Short and precise time  e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

Examples           He was born in 1945.           She will go to New York on 25th of March.           The concert will begin at 7 O’clock.           He gets up early in the morning.           We enjoyed a lot in the summer.           The president will deliver speech to public on Independence Day.           She received a lot gifts on her birthday.            Where were you at the lunchtime?           I will call you at 12 A.M

 

Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)

Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.

“In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual).

“On” is  used for surface

“At” is used for specific place.

Preposition	Place
In	Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary)  Examples. In hall In school In a building In a box In a car In library In garden In America In room In cupboard
On	Surface of something.  Examples. On a table On blackboard  On a page On the wall On the roof On a map
At	Specific Place. Examples. At the entrance At the bottom of glass At front of the chair At bus stop At the edge of roof

Examples           She lives in New York.           Students study in library.           The wedding ceremony will be held in the hall.           There are some books on the table.           The teacher wrote a sentence on blackboard.           He was flying kite on the roof.           Her parents were waiting for her at the entrance of school           There was a huge gathering at bus stop.           His house is at the end of street.

 

Preposition for Direction. (to, toward, through, into)

Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples          She went to the library.          He jumped into the river.          He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

 

Preposition for Agent. (by) 

Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples          This book is written by Shakespeare.           The work was completed by him.          The room was decorated by her.          The tub is filled with water.

 

Preposition for device, instrument or machine.

Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples          She comes by bus daily.          He opened the lock with key.

Prepositional phrases are groups of words containing prepositions. Remember that prepositions are words that indicate the relationship between various elements within sentence, and you’ll never have difficulty identifying prepositional phrases.

Remember the following rules for prepositional phrases and you will find that using them becomes much easier.

Prepositional phrases always consist of two basic parts at minimum: the object and the preposition.

In formal English, prepositions are almost always followed by objects.

Adjectives can be placed between the prepositions and objects in prepositional phrases.

Prepositional phrases can act as adverbs or adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they modify nouns and pronouns in the same way single-word adjectives do.

When prepositional phrases are used as adverbs, they at the same way single-word adverbs and adverb clauses do, modifying adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs.

Examples of Prepositional Phrases

Down the tree

Up the hill

Around the mulberry bush

Into the woods

With chopped nuts

Near a fast-flowing river

Within the book’s pages

Through the tunnel

In spite of

Instead of

Any more

On account of

To the fact that

Because of

 Exercises

a) Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. Choose your answers from the options given in the brackets.

1. This material is different …………………… that. (from / to / with)

2. You should explain this …………………… them. (to / at / with)

3. He has been absent ………………… Monday. (since /for / from)

4. I haven’t been to the theatre ………………… a long time. (since / for /from)

5. He goes ……………….. school by car. (to / at / on)

6. This is a comfortable house to live ……………… (on / at / in)

7. They are called …………………. different names. (by / with / for)

8. We should not spend money ………………. luxuries. (for / on / with)

9. I gave him a chair to sit ………………. (on / at / in)

10. The new term begins …………………. June 1st. (on / in / from)

11. He poured the tea ………………….. the mug. (into / on / in)

12. He said that he was very pleased ……………………. my work. (with / on / at)

b) Complete the following sentences using appropriate place prepositions.

1. There is a spelling mistake ……………………… line 9 on page 16.

a) in b) on c) at

2. The boy lived ………………………… the jungle for 12 hours.

a) in a) at c) on

3. Granny is arriving …………………….. the 4.15 train.

a) in b) with c) on

4. It is very hot ……………………. the centre of the earth.

a) at b) in c) on

5. She lives ……………………….. 39 Parker Street.

a) at b) in c) on

6. Who is that good-looking boy standing …………………….. the third row?

a) at b) on c) in

7. We went for a walk ………………………… the woods.

a) on b) in c) at

8. Jane must be …………………….. the hairdresser’s.

c) Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. There are lots of birds nesting _____________________.

Under the eaves

There

Now

2. After school, the children played tag ________________.

At the park

Roughly

And baseball

3. Come ___________________ with me.

Home

Over

Into the store

4.I gave the children pizza ______________ pancakes for breakfast today.

Instead of Because of Any more

Listening

Listen and fill in the gaps

I’m ______________________ lover. I’m fascinated by the whole animal kingdom. I loved animals when ______________________ . I used to read every book I could find on animals. I knew all the different ______________________ . The most exciting thing for me was going to the zoo. I ______________________ hours just watching the animals walk around, sit, ______________________ . When I was older, I went on a safari to Tanzania. I ______________________ animals in the wild. Everyone should do this once in their lives. Looking at animals ______________________ habitat is a real honour. Now I’m ______________________ the future of many animals. Some of my favourite animals are ______________________ dying out. We really need to change our lifestyle so our children can have ______________________ seeing animals in the wild.

Reading

Greenpeace

A ) Read and translate the text

Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Founded by Canadian environmental activists in 1971, Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity" and focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such asclimate change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclear issues. It uses direct action, lobbying, and research to achieve its goals. The global organization does not accept funding from governments, corporations, or political parties, relying on 2.9 million individual supporters and foundation grants. Greenpeace has a general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council and is a founding member of the INGO Accountability Charter; an international non-governmental organization that intends to foster accountability and transparency of non-governmental organizations.

Greenpeace is known for its direct actions and has been described as the most visible environmental organization in the world. Greenpeace has raised environmental issues to public knowledge, and influenced both the private and the public sector. Greenpeace has also been a source of controversy; its motives and methods (some of the latter being illegal) have received criticism and the organization's direct actions have sparked legal actions against Greenpeace activists, such as fines and suspended sentences for destroying a test plot of GMO wheat and damaging the Nazca Lines, a UN World Heritage site in Peru.

b) Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations.

Environmental organization, deforestation, fine, destroy, public sector.

Speaking

Greenpeace in the protection of environment

Tasks for self study

Complete the following sentences using into, in, onto, on and out of.

1. I don’t know how I managed to get ………………… this mess.

a) into b) onto c) on

2. I hope you won’t run …………………. any problems.

a) into b) onto c) in

3. He was trying to throw his hat ……………….. the roof.

a) into b) onto c) Either could be used here

4. John always manages to get ……………… trouble.

a) into b) onto c) Either could be used here

5. He threw himself ……………………. the work with great enthusiasm.

a) onto b) into c) in

6. She ran …………………….. the room.

a) out b) out of c) in

7. I took the envelope ……………………. my pocket.

a) out b) out from c) out of

8. She sat there staring ………………….. the window.

a) out of b) onto c) at

9. John wants to get ………………… advertising.

a) onto b) into

10. He promised that he would look ………………….. the matter.

a) in b) into c) onto

Module 2 Unit 8

ECOLOGY

GRAMMAR

It and there, adjectives. One, someone, everyone, everything, everybody, whatever.

English clauses always have a subject:

His father has just retired. Was a teacher. > He was a teacher. I’m waiting for my wife. Is late. > She is late. Look at the time! Is half past two.> It’s half past two.

Go away. Play it again please.

If we have no other subject we use there or it.

there

We use there as a dummy subject with part of the verb be followed by a noun phrase. (see Clauses, sentences and phrases):

• to introduce a new topic:

There is a meeting this evening. It will start at seven. There has been an accident. I hope no one is hurt.

• with numbers or quantities:

There was a lot of rain last night. There must have been more than five hundred in the audience.

• to say where something is:

There used to be a playground at the end of the street. There are fairies at the bottom of the garden. I wonder if there will be anyone at home.

• with an indefinite pronoun or expressions of quantity and the to-infinitive:

There is nothing to do in the village. There was plenty to read in the apartment There was nothing to watch on television. There is a lot of work to do If we want to show the subject of the to-infinitive we use for:

There is nothing for the children to do in the village. There was plenty for us to read in the apartment There was nothing for them to watch on television. There is a lot of work for you to do.

• with an indefinite pronoun or expressions of quantity and an -ing verb:

There is someone waiting to see you. There were a lot of people shouting and waving.

We use a singular verb if the noun phrase is singular:

There is a meeting this evening. It will start at seven. There was a lot of rain last night. There is someone waiting to see you.

We use a plural verb if the noun phrase is plural:

There are more than twenty people waiting to see you. There were some biscuits in the cupboard. There were a lot of people shouting and waving.  

It

We use it to talk about:

• times and dates:

It’s nearly one o’clock. It’s my birthday.

• weather:

It’s raining. It’s a lovely day. It was getting cold.

• to give an opinion about a place:

It’s very cold in here. It will be nice when we get home. It’s very comfortable in my new apartment.

• to give an opinion followed by to-infinitive:

It’s nice to meet you. It will be great to go on holiday. It was interesting to meet your brother at last.

• to give an opinion followed by an -ing verb:

It’s great living in Spain. It’s awful driving in this heavy traffic. It can be hard work looking after young children.

  

Using "it" to talk about people

We use it to talk about ourselves:

• on the telephone:

Hello. It’s George.

• when people cannot see us:

[Mary knocks on door] It’s me. It’s Mary.

We use it to talk about other people:

• when we point them out for the first time:

Look. It’s Sir Paul McCartney. Who’s that? I think it’s John’s brother.

• when we cannot see them and we ask them for their name:

[telephone rings, we pick it up] Hello. Who is it? [someone knocks on door. We say:] Who is it?