- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Control questions
What phenomenon refers to as colloidal solubility or solubilization?
How do a molecular weight of SAS, a length of hydrocarbon chain and ramifying of a chain influence on colloidal solubility?
Which factors influence on of washing action mechanism?
Explain mechanism of SAS washing action.
Which substances prevent repeated sedimentation of pollutions on a fabric?
A role of carboxylmethylcellulose in structure of synthetic detergents.
Efficiency of detergents depends on class and structure. Which compounds (primary alkylsulphates (AlkCH2OSO2ONa), secondary alkylsulphates (Alk(Alk*)CHOSO2ONa), alkylarylsulphonates (AlkArSO2ONa) possess the best washing ability?
Which factors play the important role in practical washing? Explain each of them.
Which role plays water in washing process?
Which role the electrolytes play on composition of synthetic detergents?
Call the most widespread electrolyte including in structure of synthetic detergents?
How does the rising of temperature influence on washing process?
Which kinds of pollutions you know? Call examples of water-soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic pollutions.
How does hashing intensity influence on quality of pollution removal?
What is a water module?
An optimum time of washing and a value of a water module for laundries and domestic washing.
2. Synthetic detergents composition
2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
As against soaps synthetic detergents are complex mixes. They consist of SAS, inorganic salts, organic components.
Owing to a variety of SAS and useful additives it is possible to prepare for a plenty of detergents of various compositions for various purposes. For correct drawing up of compositions it is necessary to know a role and properties of each component included in structure of synthetic detergent. The properties of SAS have been considered above, now we shall study the properties of inorganic and organic components included in synthetic detergents.
The inorganic salts used for manufacture of washing and clearing compounds are divided into three classes: 1) alkaline salts, it is usual sodium salts of inorganic acids; 2) neutral sodium salts of inorganic strong acids; 3) peroxide salts.
Alkaline salts: carbonic soda (Na2CO3), sour sodium carbonate (NaHCO3), double salt (Na2CO3 · NaHCO3 · 2H2O), silicates of sodium of various structure; threesodiumphocphate (Na3PO4), sodium tetrapyrophocphate (Na4P2O7), sodium threepolyphocphate (Na5P3O10), sodium geksametaphocphate (Na3PO4)6, sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O). There are the salts of weak acids. They are hydrolyzed in water solution, creating the alkaline medium; therefore they refer to as alkaline salts.
The most widespread neutral inorganic salts are sodium sulphate and sodium chloride. These salts dissociate, but are not hydrolyzed and practically give neutral water solutions.
From peroxide salts in structure of detergents enter sodium perborate NaBO2 · H2 O2 · 3H2O and sodium percarbonate Na2CO3 · H2O2 · 0,5H2O.