Content and form
How the content of every possible additive is reflected in appearance of shampoo? First, if shampoo transparent, liquid and brightly painted is cheap and not so qualitative production. Even if in it, according to inscription on a label, there is extract of camomile or ginseng – have no illusions. Color to such shampoo gives any not especially proof food dye, and a smell - inexpensive perfume, but not an extract. It certainly has rather rigid washing basis, and any extracts this lack to not compensate. Conditioner additives, vegetable oils in it obviously is not present, and to wash a head with such shampoo more often than an once in 7-10 days (depending on type of hair) - means, meaningly to harm to head skin and hair.
The shampoos containing emulsifying oils or any biological-active substances, as a rule, are viscous and opaque. The liquid mix with such additives would simply be stratified. Somehow to improve appearance of structure, in it quite often nacreous concentrates are added, for example, glicoldistearate - Danox P 15 (they contain particles, capable to refract light and to give to solution any shade) or special turbidity ingredients, making the weight white, cremous.
Large manufacturers who respect of themselves try to not enter superfluous allergens – dyes – into a structure of shampoos. Besides qualitative dyes, suitable for foam-washing means, cost very expensive.
Shampoos of the highest class can be absolutely transparent, colorless, but thus necessarily viscous – different additives are contained in it in solubilizating form. This becomes possible because in compounding of expensive shampoos are added etoxylated alkylcarbon acids. The рН level of such shampoo will be obviously neutral or subacidic, as at normal skin even if it is not stipulated especially. Solubilization process provides a stage of neutralization of solution which only after that is made transparent.
Qualitative production usually contains weak, but proof perfume. And it will be not has smell a lemon or mint, and any complex, remembered composition which can become the card of firm. If there are doubts that it is better to buy – a shampoo-conditioner or separately a shampoo and a balm-conditioner, it is meaningful to choose the second.
Recommendations of manufacturers to use shampoo and a balm-conditioner of the same series have the certain bases. A part of their components necessarily will be the same, and structures will not compete with each other. If you apply a balm-conditioner of other firm, compoundings can not coincide and efficiency of hair care will be lower.
In technological chain of qualitative shampoo production the enterprises of many Europe countries are included. Germany is famous the chemical raw material of unsurpassed cleanliness, France - perfumes, Switzerland - the fine balanced compounding of shampoos. The trump card of Russian manufacturers is always extracts of medicinal grasses and flowers.
5.2 Teeth care means
It is difficult to tell, when people have started to clean the teeth, but there are data, that one of the most ancient preparations for teeth cleaning was tobacco ash. Still rather recently for teeth cleaning tooth-powders widely applied. They consist of an abrasive material: more often it is chalk CaCO3, less often CaHPO4, and sometimes their mixes. These abrasives are received by chemical sedimentation, for example, according to the equation:
Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaNO3
Natural chalk using is impossible, as it contains firm particles from armours of sea organisms which possess high durability and can lead to strong attrition and to damage of tooth enamel. To abrasive materials MgO is added, it is received by MgCO3 calcination. Magnesium oxide gives to powders ease and friability. In some kinds of powders magnesium peroxide MgO2 is entered which possesses bleaching properties. In small amounts in powders surface-active substances are included, for example sodium lauril sulphate C12H25OSO3Na, and also perfume - more often menthol or mint extract. Now tooth-powders production is reduced as they became less popular, than pastes.
The major means of teeth care are tooth-pastes. They have smaller abrasive ability and higher efficiency in comparison with powders, they are more convenient in application.
Tooth-pastes are multicomponent structures. They are subdivided on hygienic and treatment-prophylactic. The first type have only clearing and freshening effect, and the second type besides serve for preventive maintenance of diseases and promote treatment of a teeth and an oral cavity.
The basic components of a tooth-paste the following: abrasive materials, binders, stiffeners, foaming agents and also perfume, dyes, substances improving a tooth paste taste. Abrasive substances provide the mechanical clearing and polishing of tooth. As abrasives more often chemically precipitated chalk CaCO3 is applied. It is established, that tooth-paste components are capable to influence on mineral component of a tooth and, in particular, on enamel. Therefore as abrasives began to apply calcium phosphates: CaHPO4, Ca3(PO4)2, Ca2P2O7, and also low-soluble polymeric sodium meta-phosphate (NaPO3)x. Besides as abrasives in various kinds of pastes aluminium oxide and hydroxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium silicate, and also some organic polymeric substances, for example, sodium methylmetakrylate are applied. In practice frequently is used not one abrasive substance, and their mix.
To transformation of abrasive powders mix into stable paste gelatin components are applied. Gelatin components may be natural and synthetic. Natural gelatin components are frequently prepared in industrial scale from plants. For example, from sea seaweed natural polysacharides are taken: sodium salts of alginic acids and carraginates. To this purpose less often vegetative gums - tragacant and pectins – are applied. From synthetic substances wide application have cellulose (cotton and wood) derivatives – sodium carboxylmethylcellulose, oxyetylated ethyl and methyl ethers of cellulose or simple ethyl and methyl ethers of cellulose have found.
For preparation of plastic, thixotropic, homogenious mass which are easily pressed out from a tube, polyatom spirits are applied: glycerin, sorbite, polyethylenglicol. They promote preservation of moisture in paste at storage, raise freezing temperature, increase stability of foam forming at tooth clearing and improve flavouring properties of paste. Vegetative extracts and gum are sensitive to action of microbes. Therefore for elimination of microbe destructive action in structure of pastes antiseptic substances are entered: formaldehyde, chlorinated phenols and alkyl ethers of oxybenzoine acids.
As foaming substances in tooth-pastes in the past soaps are used. However their low foaming ability in hard water and unpleasant soap smack reduced pastes quality. Instead of soap began to use alizarin oil (sulphurized castor oil).It does not fix calcium and magnesium ions to low-soluble substance and possesses moistening and bactericidal properties. Except for it sodium laurylsulphate C12H25OSO3Na and sodium laurylsarcozinate as foaming agents are used.
Sodium laurylsarcozinate have anti-caries action. Already in concentration 0,3 % it suppresses action of the bacteria which form in oral cavity milk acid (hydroxyl propionic acid) destroying tooth enamel. Action of sodium laurylsarcozinate is kept in oral cavity after cleaning of teeth during approximately 12 hours.
Sodium salt of tauride of fat acid RCONHCH2SO3Na possesses good foaming, clearing and moistening properties too.
Tooth pastes can contain biology active components because them can use as basic means for preventive maintenance of caries and other teeth illnesses.
Struggle against caries by means of treatment-prophylactic tooth-pastes is conducted on two directions:
1) Strengthening a tooth mineral fabric;
2) Prevention of dental strike formation.
The first purpose is achieved by introduction of fluorine compounds in pastes: sodium monofluorinephosphate, which formula can be written as double salt NaF·NaPO3, and also sodium fluoride NaF and tin (II) fluoride SnF2.
There are two points of view on influence of fluorine ions on strengthening of tooth enamel:
1. F- ions change hydroxide apatite of tooth enamel CaOH (PO4)3 into less soluble in acids fluorine apatite Ca5F(PO4)3.
2. As a result of exchange reaction in paste CaF2 is formed which is adsorbed on hydroxide apatite and protects it from acid influence. It is known also, that fluorine compounds promote suppression of bacteria life ability causing formation of organic acids in oral cavity.
Now in anti-caries pastes began to use enzymes and sometimes antibiotics.
The most widespread treatment-and-prophylactic means are fluoride-containing tooth-pastes. These pastes are recommended for children and adults for preventive maintenance of teeth caries. As anti-caries additives in tooth-pastes structure fluorides of sodium and tin, monofluorinephosphate, acidified by phosphates fluoric sodium, and recently – organic fluorine compounds (aminofluorides) are entered.
Fluorides increase resistance of teeth to the acids formed by microorganisms of dental strike, strengthen enamel demineralization and oppress a metabolism of strike microorganisms. It is established, that indispensable condition for caries preventive maintenance is presence of fluorine active (untied) ion.
According to World Health Organization recommendations (1984), optimum concentration of fluorine ion in tooth-pastes should make 0,1 %. Effectively working tooth-pastes contain 1-3 mg of fluoride in 1g of paste. Tooth-pastes for adult population contain from 0,11 % up to 0,76 % of sodium fluoride or from 0,38 % up to 1,14 % of sodium monofluorinephosphate. In structure of children's tooth-pastes fluoric compounds are in smaller quantity (up to 0,023 %). The combination of sodium fluoride and calcium-containing and siliceous abrasives in structure of some tooth-pastes represents special system fluoristate.
For reduction in dental strike amount and inhibition of growth of dental stone crystals tooth-pastes include such components, as triclosan which renders antibacterial influence on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and copolymer, promoting prolonged action of triclosan within 12 hours after teeth cleaning.
Fluoride intake in teeth enamel increases its resistance to acid demineralization due to formation of steadier to dissolution structures. For full mineralization of tooth firm tissues and increase of their resistance to caries besides fluorides also other inorganic elements are necessary. Tooth-pastes containing in the structure of potassium and sodium phosphates, calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, calcium gluconate, zinc oxide, possess anticaries action. The tooth-pastes containing chitin and chitosan derivatives which possess affinity to fibers have similar effect.
The components included in some tooth-pastes, such as remodent 3 %, calcium glycerophosphate 0,13 %, synthetic hydroxyapatite (from 2 % up to 17 %) promote reduction of the hypersensitiveness of enamel due to closing of entrance apertures of dentinal canals. Application of medical tooth-pastes is the simple and accessible form of prevention and treatment of paradontium illnesses. In their structure biologically active substances: enzymes, vitamins, microelements, salts, antiseptics, medicinal grasses are entered.
The tooth-pastes containing Pomerania liman brine as active component improve blood supply of paradontium tissues, have the preventive and medical effect.
Tooth-pastes with additives of preparations on the basis of medicinal grasses render anti-inflammatory action. To these grasses concerned: camomile, tutsan, carnation, yarrow, calamus root, calendulas, sage, ginseng root extract. The tooth-pastes containing lavender extract have moderate bactericidal effect on streptococci and staphylococci and the expressed action - on Candida albicans mushrooms.
For acceleration of mucous membrane regeneration in tooth-pastes biologically active components - enzymes, oil solutions of vitamins A and Е, caratolin are entered.
Modern treatment-and-prophylactic tooth-pastes promote the reduction of gingiva angiostaxic, possess the anesthetizing, anti-inflammatory and regenerative effect. The structure of such pastes includes some herbs, for example: sage, mint peppery, camomile, purple coneflower, myrrh and rhatany; the complex mix combining chlorophyll, vitamin Е and herb extracts.
In tooth-pastes necessarily perfumes and flavouring components are entered. Mint and cinnamon perfumes are the most widespread. Mint perfume is provided with application of menthol, mint oils - peppery or curly mint, and also various modifiers. In perfumes methyl salisilate, pink oil, eucalyptol, cinnamon aldehyde are applied. As sweetening component saccharin and some its derivatives are used more often. Abroad for this purpose sodium saccharate and dulcin are recommended with addition of small amount of sodium chloride or citric acid. Recently began to apply sodium salt of cyclamen acid which to taste reminds sugar.
Some foreign firms have started to manufacture of non-abrasive gel-like transparent tooth-pastes. In them SiO2 gels and also copolymers of acryl acids and allylic spirit are used. These pastes possess high foaming ability, have pleasant taste and beautiful appearance. They are easily painted in various bright colors - red, dark blue, green, yellow. However their clearing ability is much lower, than pastes with use of abrasives.
