- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
Surface-active substance (SAS) - the basic component of SD. This is active substance which possesses the washing action. At drawing up of SD compositions take into account that the washing action of separate SAS is not simply summarized, but considerably amplified in their mix. Now are developed the mixes which include some various SAS. Total concentration of SAS in composition makes 15-20 %.
Builders (to precipitate the calcium and magnesium salts). Efficiency of SAS action, especially soaps, is reduced in hard water containing ions of calcium, magnesium, iron as result of exchange reaction and formation of insoluble salt:
2RCOONa + CaCl2 = (RCOO)2Ca + 2NaCl
On fabrics at washing in hard water there is the sediment of calcium carbonate. This phenomenon refers to as incrustation and accelerates the deterioration of a fabric. For sedimentation of rigidity ions in SD structures are added the substances forming the complexes with rigidity ions (different types of phosphates, sodium tripolyphosphate, carbonates, borates, trilon B).
Fillers are the substances which improve physical properties of synthetic detergents: a) Na2SO4 or borax (improves flowbility of firm synthetic detergents); b) alcohols; they are used in liquid synthetic detergents for decreasing freeze point of a mixture and increasing solubility of synthetic detergents in water.
Pollutions from solution can settle again on cleared surface, therefore in structure are entered antiresorbents, interfering the repeated sedimentation of pollutions: sodium carboxylmethilcellulose, polyvinilpirrolidon, polyvinyl alcohol, dextrin.
Except water-soluble, fatty and firm pollutions it is necessary to delete the painted stains of various origin and protein pollutions. Their removal is provided due to introduction of chemical reagents - chemical bleaches, optical bleaches and biologically active substances (enzymes), including their stabilizers and activators. Chemical bleaches contain hydrogen peroxide H2O2. Sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, sodium hypochlorite are used as chemical bleaches (15-30%). Optical bleaches are capable to strengthen of fabric whiteness due to change of its reflecting properties (act as phosphorus). The content of optical bleaches – 0,1-0,2%. Enzymes (up to 0,75%, remove the stains of protein origin.)
Inhibitors of metal corrosion (sodium silicate).
Foam killers, since synthetic detergents should not be foamed at application in washing machines (5-45%).
Regulators of рН. There are sodium carbonate (soda ash) and sodium bicarbonate.
Aromatic substances or perfume: gives to clothes a fresh, clean fragrance.
Hydrotropic substances.
Antistatics, i.e. the substances which neutralize static electricity.
Special textile refreshers, these compounds remove unpleasant smells, reduce tangling, creasing and pleating of material; the material becomes like new and dries quickly.
Blueing ingredient (gives a “blue-white” hue to white fabrics).
Brightening agents (make “whites” and coloureds brighter).
Fabric softeners and other components.