- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
3. Synthetic detergents production
3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
Loose raw material is delivered on synthetic detergents factories basically by rail in containers, tanks, bags, flanks and in loose kind in covered cars. For maintenance of stable work of synthetic detergents enterprises at them the warehouse is provided. Large-capacity raw materials (sodium tripolyphosphate, soda and sodium sulfate) are loaded into ferroconcrete storehouses of great volume. The loose raw material getting in bags and flanks is stored in warehouse.
To unloading of raw material from containers the following equipment is applied: the crane, the reception bunker with the device for prosowing of lumps, the pump. Containers are unloaded from the car by the crane and established above the reception bunker. Loose raw materials through the bottom valve of container are unloaded in the bunker where large lumps are separated on sieve and given in crusher. The sifted raw material by gravity is given in the pump established under the bunker and with help of compressed air is transported in warehouse or in account bunkers of branch of composition preparation. Air after use is exposed to clearing in cyclones or filters.
Liquid raw materials (water solutions of sodium alkylbenzolsulphonates, sodium hydroxide, the supreme alkanols, alkylcarbon acids, non-ionogenic SAS) are delivered on the enterprise in railway tanks, in a cold season - stiffened. Capacities for liquid raw materials represent vertical cylindrical steel tanks in volume of 100-400 m3, supplied with coils for heating by hot water. The temperature mode for each kind of raw material is supported automatically. Liquid raw materials from tanks are submitted the pumps.
At synthetic detergents manufacture silicate-block, fibrous sodium carboxylmethilcellulose and synthetic alkylcarbon acids are subjected to preliminary preparation.
The shattered silicate-block is weighed on weights, washed out by water on conveyor and through the flexible sleeve sent in autoclave. To autoclave from a pressure head tank water is submitted, supporting mass ratio water : silicate equal 2:1. In autoclave silicate is dissolved within 5 hours at 160-1800С under pressure 0,5-0,8 МПа. The received solution of sodium silicates contains 20-30 % of silicon dioxide, therefore solution is submitted to intermediate collection, and then by the pump sent on the filter -press or in sediment bowl for separation of insoluble particles. The filter is washed out by water. Washing waters are collected in tank and by pump returned in autoclave. Waste products are collected in capacity. The solution of sodium silicate from collection and sediment bowl is directed to reception tank for preparation of composition or for dissolution of sodium carboxylmethilcellulose.
Dissolution of sodium carboxylmethilcellulose is carried out in device with a mixer at temperature 60-700 within several hours for preparation of viscous solution with concentration 6-10 % (mass). For reduction of water quantity in synthetic detergents structure sodium carboxylmethilcellulose is dissolved in liquid glass.
Synthetic alkylcarbon acids before application are neutralized by sodium hydroxide in devices with a mixer. Process carry out at temperature 50-900 within 0,5-1 hours. Duration of neutralization depends on intensity of hashing and quantity of neutralized acids. Alkali adds gradually. The control of process is carried out periodically (the content of acids and alkali in the product).