- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Control questions
How loose raw material is delivered on synthetic detergents factories and prepared before use?
Call the kinds of loose raw material for synthetic detergents production.
How kinds of liquid raw material for synthetic detergents production you know?
Rules of preliminary preparation of liquid raw material (silicate-block, fibrous sodium carboxylmethilcellulose and synthetic alkylcarbon acids) before synthetic detergents production.
What is a composition? Which properties of composition define the quality of synthetic detergents?
How temperature, time of process and water content in composition influence on viscosity of composition?
Explain the reason of preliminary hydration of sodium tripolyphosphate before loading of other components.
Call the basic stages of process of composition preparation.
Which ways of composition preparation you know?
Call the basic stages and temperature conditions at periodic and continuous ways of production.
3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
Development of the industry of synthetic detergents is caused not only necessity of economy of food fats spent for manufacture of soaps, but also more and more extending application of synthetic detergents for pollutions removal from the diversified products in various branches of national economy. For example, removal of deposit from pistons of cylinders of engines of internal combustion or removal of oil stains from water surface. At oil recovery it is also washed away from ground bowels with help of SAS mixtures. In each concrete case the requirements, showed to synthetic detergents, are various.
Synthetic detergent – a complex multicomponent mixture consisting of surface-active substances and various active additives which allows effectively to delete pollutions from various products.
During removal of pollutions minimum three components participate: cleared surface, pollution and synthetic detergent. All components render essential influence on speed and completeness of removal of pollutions.
Cleared surfaces at washing are the fabrics made from various fibres. Fibres differ on structure, chemical properties, can be inert or contain active groups. Products are made from natural fibres (cotton, flax, wool, natural silk), artificial fibres (viscose, acetate), synthetic fibres (polyester, polyamide, etc.) and their mixes.
Pollutions represent usually heterogeneous mix of substances, various on chemical structure, physical properties and physical state. Depending on way of removal pollutions are divided on water-soluble and water-insoluble. Water-soluble compounds can be organic and inorganic. To them concern: sugar, starch, urea, flour, organic acids, fibers, table salt, etc. To water-insoluble organic compounds are concerned hydrocarbons, various pitches, asphalts, paints, varnishes, fats, etc. Water-insoluble inorganic compounds include clay, silicates, cement, soot, etc. The structure and quantity of pollutions depend on character of environment, conditions of life and work
Synthetic detergents are subdivided on firm, liquid, pastes.
Firm synthetic detergents are made as powders, pieces, dragee, “scales”, “flakes”, “vermicelli”. Lumpy synthetic detergents represent the firm detergents, on appearance and physical properties similar to lumpy soap. Lumpy synthetic detergent differs from lumpy soap in higher density, smaller solubility, stability to rigidity salts; they can give any form. However lumpy synthetic detergent is softer. Lumpy synthetic detergents are successfully used in the neutral and subacidic medium. At clearing of very dirty surfaces the lumpy synthetic detergents are more effective, than lumpy soaps, though the content of washing substance in them (10-40 %) are less, than in lumpy soaps (60-80 %).
Scaly synthetic detergents are produced at roller drying of washing substances’ solutions; content of active substance in scales makes 80-85 %.
Flakes and "vermicelli" yet do not find the wide application. They contain 70% of active substance. For their production SAS with long linear hydrocarbon chains are used that provides elasticity of product. For increase of elasticity in structure of synthetic detergents special colloids and polymers are entered. For production of synthetic detergents in some cases synthetic SAS are combined with soap.
The most widespread forms of synthetic detergents are powders or granules. More than 90% of all firm synthetic detergents are produced by dispersion of solution or suspension in closed chamber with help of air. Drying occurs or due to formation of crystal hydrates, or due to evaporation of water. The method of cold dispersion with formation of crystal hydrates is applied in manufacture of soap washing powders, but at production of synthetic detergents is not applied. Drying due to moisture evaporation is the basic way of manufacture firm synthetic detergents as powders. Drying is made in spraying dryer or in boiling layer.
For production of pastes are used products of neutralization of alkylcarbon acids, containing oxy- and sulphate groups and non-limiting radicals. Pastes contain 30-60% of washing substance, 2-5% of inorganic salts (sodium chloride and sodium sulphate), 2-4 % of initial raw material and water. At long storage at low temperatures inorganic salts are crystallized. This worsens consumer properties of product. Sodium chloride prevents crystallization. Pastes and gels are applied as foam-washing means. The technology of pastes is the least power-intensive.
Liquid synthetic detergents (especially abroad) have wider application, than pastes and gels, because for their production the smallest expenses of energy are required and suitable any devices intended for dosage of liquids. Besides it liquid synthetic detergents are quickly dissolved in water, they are easily dosed, they possess the high density and, hence, they are compact and comfortable at storage.
The form of detergent output has greater value in life, than in industry. For textile auxiliary operations, at flotation, processing of metals, oil recovery only the properties of SAS play the important role, and the form of synthetic detergents is not important.
Synthetic detergents differ to purpose: for washing of cotton and linen fabrics, products from woolen, silk, artificial and synthetic fibres, universal synthetic detergents, and also synthetic detergents for washing poorly and strong dirty fabrics. Besides it foamy detergents, cleaning detergents and synthetic detergents for technical purposes are made. The detergents, providing during washing mitigation and antistatic processing of fabrics, are concerned to synthetic detergents of complex action. On conditions of application synthetic detergents are divided into detergents for low-temperature and high-temperature washing, and on way of application - on high foaming and low foaming synthetic detergents.
As it was shown above, the surface-active substances possess dispersive, foaming, solubilizative, mitigative, washing actions, therefore optimum selection of components allows to strengthen one property and to suppress another. The determination of laws of optimum selection of components for production of compositions with necessary properties is the primary goal of modern chemistry of surface-active substances.