- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Control questions
Basic chemical reactions of soap preparation.
Explain the mechanism of saponification reaction.
Basic stages of soap production by periodic and continuous ways.
A content of active substance in soap.
Capital equipment of soap manufacture.
4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
The active basis of cake synthetic detergents is the anion-active surface-active substances. Content of SAS changes from 10 up to 90 % (weights). Alkyl benzene sulphonates, alkyl- and alken sulphonates and sodium alkyl sulphates have the widest application. Into compounding of cake synthetic detergents are entered also (% of weights): pentasodiumphosphate - 10-75, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrocarbonate - 8-55, sodium silicates - up to 7, sodium sulfate - up to 30. For formation of smooth and glossy surface up to 20 % of starch or polyvinilpirollidone is entered in compounding, moisture content makes 5-25 %.
Cake synthetic detergents have good durability; they moderately swell and are moderately spent at application. Irritating action of some components is reduced by introduction such substances as lanolin, lecithin, glycerin, vegetable oils and some amides of alkyl carbon acids.
There are some methods of cake synthetic detergents production. Two methods are the widespread: 1) method of forming of a composition; 2) method of pressing of powders.
4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
Manufacture of cake synthetic detergents by method of forming includes the following stages: 1) mixture of loose and liquid raw material; 2) forge-rolling of composition; 3) forming of received mass in bar; 4) cutting of bar on cakes; 5) maturation (ripening); 6) stamping; 7) packaging; 8) packing of cakes.
The technological circuit of cake synthetic detergents production by method of forming is submitted on fig. 4.3. Loose raw material is given from account bunkers 2 on belt-conveyer weighers 3 and by the tape conveyor 4 it is loaded into the mixer of periodic action 5. Here the atomizers spray liquid raw material from account reservoir 1. The homogeneous mixture of components from the mixer is continuously fed in five roll calender 6, where it is rolled in thin sheets with formation of a chip. The thin chip from calender with help of elevator 7 is fed in filling funnel of extruder 8. The extruder is equipped with warmed head and a nozzle for giving to mass the form of bar of necessary section. The bar gets in cutting machine 9, where it is cut on cakes of necessary size and weights. By system of conveyors cakes is given for ripening to chamber 10, working on continuous mode. At stage of ripening processes of hydration of salts come to the end, and the cake gets necessary durability and hardness. For acceleration of hardening of pieces in the chamber by fans 11 the cold air is given. The hardened pieces are continuously fed on press 12 where the required commodity form is given to them. The final stages of process are packaging and packing, which are carried out in automatic machine 13.
By this method 1500-2000 kg/h of a ready product is made.