- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Control questions
Which basic classes of organic products in structure of synthetic detergents you know?
How are named the substances interfering repeated sedimentation of pollutions on the cleared surface?
Which role antyresorbents play in structure of synthetic detergents? Call the most widespread antyresorbents for different kinds of fabrics.
Explain the purpose of introduction of alkylolamides in structure of synthetic detergents.
Which groups of means giving whiteness to fabrics you know?
Explain the mechanism of action of chemical bleaches.
What is difference between the action of chemical and optical bleaches?
Which substances are used as chemical bleaches?
In which conditions the optimum bleaching effect of sodium perborate is achieved?
The content of chemical bleaches in synthetic detergents?
Which substances are used as optical bleaches?
Requirements to optical bleaches.
What are the blues? Which substances are used as blues?
At formation of molecular oxygen the bleaching effect is decreased. Which substances are entered in structure of synthetic detergents for prevent of this reaction?
Which substances are named enzymes? Purpose of enzymes in structure of synthetic detergents?
The content of enzymes in synthetic detergents? Call the most widespread kinds of enzymes.
What is the optimum temperature of enzymes application?
What are the regulators of medium? Which substances are used as regulators of medium?
Which substances are used as aromatizators?
The aim of introduction of hydrotropic additives in synthetic detergents compositions.
What is the most widespread hydrotropic substance?
2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
The manufacture of enzyme detergent is not very different from that of the conventional synthetic one. The prime step for the formulation of enzyme-based detergent is the compatibility of the enzyme(s) with various detergent ingredients. In general, the suitability of enzyme preparation mainly depends on its compatibility with the detergents at moderately higher temperatures. An ideal enzyme for detergent preparation should be effective at low levels (0,4–0,8%) in the detergent solution. It should also be compatible with various detergent components along with oxidizing and sequestering agents and possess adequate temperature stability to be active in a wide range of cleaning temperatures. It must also have a long shelf life. Moreover, the very low use concentration is due to the fact that the enzymes added to the product are biocatalysts. In this context, the term biocatalyzation is implied wherein the enzymes themselves are not being consumed during the cleaning process and a single enzyme triggers numerous chemical reactions. As a result, the disadvantages of the conventional detergents are eliminated.
The early use of enzyme powders in detergents led to dust problems in the production process. In addition, the reduced stability of the enzymes due to autolysis and detrimental effects by the other detergent ingredients in the presence of moisture were encountered. These problems led to the use of granulation techniques and enzyme prilling with enzymes being encapsulated in an inert water soluble waxy substance. In powder detergents, the enzymes are mixed with the finished powders as granulates or prills. Currently, wax-coated enzyme detergent granules are being offered in colours identical to the non-coloured detergent granules. The coloured granules are termed as signal granules by the detergent manufacturers which symbolize the presence of an extra-added active ingredient in the detergent preparations.
In case of enzyme-based automatic dishwashing detergents, citrate and other polyacrylate builders are added. Moreover, perborates and percarbonates are also used. These peroxybleach generating systems are not too harmful for enzymes and through the action of activators such as tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), enable the acceptable bleaching action at low temperature.