- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Basic raw material
Technical animal fats are received by extraction, by melting, by pressing from any kinds of fat-containing raw material unsuitable for food purposes. Technical fats are applied in manufacture in natural kind or as received from them fat acids. If necessary, fats preliminary are bleached, and acids are cleared.
Lard mass is received by hydrogenation of vegetable oils, fats of some ground and sea mammal.
Animal food fats (pork, etc.) are applied only by manufacture of toilet soap.
Coconut oil is extracted from dried pulp (copra) of fruits of coconut palm trees. Oil has the high content of middle- and low-molecular acids (90 %). Acids of coconut oil promote to preparation of homogeneous, plastic and firm soaps, which are steady in mineral environments and form plentiful foam.
Palm-stone oil is received from stones of olive palm tree. The structure of this oil is close to structure of coconut oil.
Palm oil is extracted from pulp of fruits of olive palm tree. Oil possesses a pleasant smell; however, owing to the content of carotene, palm oil is painted and demands bleaching.
Soapstoki are received at alkaline clearing of various vegetable oils and lard mass. They contain salts of alkyl carbon acids and neutral fat. Fat acids are allocated, cleared and improved, then are used by manufacture of laundry (household) soap.
Rosin is received from soft resin of coniferous breeds of trees. The basic components of rosin are the isomeric pitch acids, having the one carboxyl group. General formula is С20Н30О2. Sodium and potassium salts of pitch acids are entered in structure of laundry soap for improvement of plasticity and solubility.
Except for rosin in manufacture of laundry soap for improvement of solubility and plasticity sodium salts of oil acids are used.
Tallow oil is a waste of cellulose industry. It consists of a mix of 40-60 % of fat acids and 30-50 % of pitch acids.
By manufacture of fodder yeast from n-paraffins by microbiological method microbic fat is received. Fat is subjected to alkaline clearing, and then fat acids (С14-С18) are allocated.
Synthetic fat acids are received by oxidation of firm and liquid alkanes by oxygen of air. For preparation of toilet soap the fraction C10-C16 is used, for household soap – С17-С20.
Auxiliary raw material
Zinc oxide and titan oxide (2-5 kg on 1t of soaps) - give to soap the homogeneous white painting and eliminate a transparency;
Dyes (3-350 kg on 1t of soaps): rodamine, fluorescine, turquoise, methanil;
Perfume (8-15 kg on 1t of soaps);
Antioxidants (for toilet soaps) – prevent the oxidation of soaps;
Softeners (for toilet soaps) - give to soaps the plasticity;
Hydroxide and carbonate of sodium.
Standard compositions of a toilet soap (in mass %): coconut oil - 3-17, technical bacon - 13-23, food bacon - 13-70, lard mass - 0-52, synthetic fat acids of fraction S10-S16 - 0-16.
Into structure of high-quality soap should enter aliphatic acids with one non- saturated connection and minimum quantity of low-molecular acids. The toilet soap with such acid structure has high washing and foaming ability, the big hardness; it is moderate swell in water and is economized.
Compositions of household soap include (in mass %): lard mass of vegetable oils - 22-60, animal fats - 5-17, vegetative fats and oils in their waste products - 0-25, synthetic fat acids (fractions C10-C16 and С17-С20) - 12-48, rosin - 0-4, oil acids – 0-2, tallow oil - 0-2.