- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Control questions
A purpose of liquid synthetic detergents.
Requirements to liquid synthetic detergents.
Advantages and disadvantages of liquid synthetic detergents production.
Which kinds of surface-active substances are used in structure of liquid synthetic detergents?
Compositions of liquid synthetic detergents.
A purpose of each component in structure of liquid synthetic detergents: sodium chloride and water-soluble polymers, potassium tripolyphosphate, dextrin, protosubtilin enzyme.
Why chemical bleaches (for example, sodium perborate) are not used in pastes and liquid synthetic detergents?
Modern compositions of liquid synthetic detergents.
5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
The word “hygiene” occurs from the Greek word "hygienos", that means curative, bringing health, and the word “cosmetics” - from the Greek word meaning «art to decorate ». Now the term "cosmetics" use first of all in connection with care from face and body skin. Hygiene is the section of preventive medicine studying influence of an environment on health of a person.
The basic hygienic means are, first of all, soaps and detergents. In given section we will consider structure and properties of shampoos and tooth pastes.
5.1 Shampoos
Shampoos were included in our life from the beginning of 60th years when the manufacture of very effective surface-active substance (SAS) – etoxylated laurilsulphate of sodium began (it is named also sodium lauretsulphate and sodium sulphoetoxylate - ЕМАL 270D).
This substance was received by multistage chemical processing of coconut oil. It became a washing basis of completely new class of products - the specialized means for hair washing. Shampoos have quickly won popularity as possessed a number of advantages: they were washed off much better, than soap, and plentiful foam gave to people aesthetic pleasure. After washing by new means hair were such pure, what even creaked, and drying up, got shine.
Sodium lauretsulphate was appeared the substance to softer, than widely used at that time alkylbenzolsulphonates (now they are applied only in detergent powders and some means of household chemical goods), but it also had lacks. At often application of shampoos the skin could inflame, sometimes there was a furfur.
But how it is possible to reduce irritating action of shampoos if their basis even now remains lauretsulphate? The matter is that, except for sodium lauretsulphate, any shampoo necessarily contains still any surface-active substance salutarily influencing on properties of a ready product. With the help of these substances (co-SAS) try to solve at once some problems. The main thing - to reduce skin irritation.
The first co-SAS were sodium lauretsulphosukcinate. These substances possess soft washing action and not bad reduce dermatological rigidity of a washing composition as a whole even if to replace with them only third or even a quarter of lauretsulphate in shampoo. Sulphosukcinates even now are entered sometimes in structure of children's shampoos «without tears» as they possess soft washing action and are rather cheap. And it is important: for 40 years chemists synthesized many soft co-SAS, but the price of any of them exceeds cost of the basic washing substance, as a rule, in two - three times.
In general, with the help of sulphosukcinates it was possible to solve two vital issues: to reduce dermatological rigidity of shampoo and to lower cost of finished goods.
Why these remarkable soft substances have not superseded lauretsulphate from a compounding of washing mixes completely? The reason is simple: on ability to foaming competitors at lauretsulphate is not present till now. To it could compete unless non-etoxylated laurilsulphate, but this substance costs twice more expensively and irritates a skin more strongly.
The basic active substance of any shampoo is sodium lauretsulphate (sometimes ammonium lauretsulphate). The volume of foam, which a washing mix gives, depends on concentration of this SAS, and any additives can only reduce it. To tell the truth, foam at lauretsulphate is friable and unstable. However it is skilful combining the basic washing substance with one or several soft co-SAS can be achieved same magnificent, but fineer and long not falling foam.
Quality of foam is very important characteristic of shampoo. In fact during washing important not only to tear off from hair a droplet of fat with the dust which has stuck on it, but also to keep it in volume. Otherwise fat and a dirty again settle on hair, and sense from head washing will be a little. Repeated sedimentation of a dirty also makes a usual soap such inconvenient for hair washing though washing characteristics of soap can be not much worse, than at shampoo.