- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1. Classification and physicochemical properties of surface-active substances
- •1.1 Synthetic detergent production
- •1.2 Classification of surface-active substances
- •1.3 Detergents and surfactants
- •1.4 Synthetic surfactant or soap
- •What's the difference?
- •1.5 Soaps and detergents
- •Cleansing action of soap
- •1.7 Synthetic detergents
- •1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of synthetic detergents with respect to soaps
- •Washing powders
- •1.9 Structure and properties of surface-active substances
- •Critical concentration of cluster formation
- •Control questions
- •1.10 Surface tension
- •1.11 Physical and chemical action of washing substances and detergent solutions
- •Control questions
- •1.12 Solubilization
- •1.13 Washing action
- •Control questions
- •2. Synthetic detergents composition
- •2.1 Inorganic compounds in synthetic detergent compositions
- •Alkaline salts of inorganic acids
- •Purposes of alkaline electrolytes
- •Control questions
- •2.2 Organic components used in synthetic detergents structure
- •Main components of synthetic detergents’ compositions
- •Hydrotropic substances.
- •Control questions
- •2.4 Production of enzyme-based detergents
- •2.5 Enzyme stabilization
- •2.6 Applications of enzyme-based detergents
- •3. Synthetic detergents production
- •3.1 Reception, storage and preparation of raw material for synthetic detergent manufacture
- •3.2 Technology of compositions preparation
- •Control questions
- •3.3 Classification of synthetic detergents. Kinds of pollutions.
- •Control questions
- •3.4 Technology of washing compositions drying
- •3.5 Spray drying technology
- •Control questions
- •3.6 Basic technological circuits of powdery synthetic detergent manufacture by periodic and continuous ways
- •Control questions
- •3.7 Capital equipment at granulated synthetic detergents manufacture
- •3.8 Technology of drying in fluidized layer
- •Control questions
- •3.9 Technology of granulated synthetic detergents by combined methods
- •3.10 Packaging of powders
- •Basic raw material
- •Auxiliary raw material
- •Control questions
- •4.3 Chemistry and technology of soap production
- •Control questions
- •4.4 Cake synthetic detergents
- •4.5 Production of cake synthetic detergents by forming method
- •4.6 Production of cake synthetic detergents by pressing method
- •Control questions
- •4.7 Manufacture of paste and liquid detergents
- •4.8 Compositions and production technology of paste-like synthetic detergents
- •Control questions
- •4.9 Compositions and technology of liquid synthetic detergents production
- •Control questions
- •5. Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics
- •5.1 Shampoos
- •Jump of quality
- •Electrostatics laws in operation
- •To expect, to prevent
- •Laziness -- the engine of progress
- •Content and form
- •5.2 Teeth care means
- •Literature list:
Preface
During very old times only mechanical way of washing has ceased to satisfy people and the search of washing agents has begun. Soap was the first such substance; it was produced at the processing of fats by ash water extract containing potassium carbonate. This soap had very low quality owing to high content of neutral fats. Much later quality of soap was improved due to the processing of fats by potassium hydroxide and then graining the soap by sodium chloride and transformation of soft potassium soaps into solid sodium soaps which are used up to date at washing and cleaning. After many years people had continued to use sodium soap produced directly at fat saponification or neutralization of fat acids of natural fats as a basic washing substance.
Now basic raw material for manufacture of synthetic washing substances is products of oil, gas and coal refining. They are a source of a basic component of all washing substances – surface-active substances (SAS). Later it has been established, that useful properties of SAS can be intensified due to the addition of some organic and inorganic compounds. The optimum choice of SAS and auxiliary components allows developing modern synthetic detergents.
Primary raw materials for the synthetic detergent industry are alkanes, alkenes, arenes formed at the oil and gas refining, which then are turned into carbon derivatives, sulphonic, phosphonic acids, alkanols, simple ethers, phenols, amines, and compounds with dipolar structure. Thus, the synthetic detergent industry is a link between the fat-processing and the petrochemical industries. Manufacture of washing substances and its basic component – surface-active substances - takes an important place. It is caused by that as against many other products of organic synthesis surface-active substances are used in various branches of the national economy: for extraction and concentration of minerals, in metallurgy, for protection of plants in agriculture, in the paint-varnish, tanning, paper and food-processing industries.
Production capacities of the synthetic detergent branch are concentrated both on fat-processing, chemical and petrochemical plants constructed according to a principle of complex processing of initial raw material, and on factories of inorganic manufactures which are produced a number of inorganic components.
A major problem is expansion of the range of goods and improvement of synthetic detergents quality, growth of economic efficiency and corporate culture. Thus the important role is assigned to a search of new washing substances, mainly liquids and pastes, to creation of effective processes of their synthesis, development of ways of improvement and reconstruction of working devices.
Development of new technologies should be based on knowledge of mechanism and physicochemical laws of processes of washing substances preparation and application with use of modern technologies. Reserves of efficiency increase are available also in the field of power expenses reduction, use of by-products, creation of law-waste and non-waste manufactures, and elimination of environmental contamination.