V. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть текст.

What can computers do?

From the first electronic digital computers of the forties to to-day's versatile¹ computers and most up-to-date microcomputers, very little has changed as far as basic computer operations is concerned.

In the last thirty years, vast improvements in the size, speed and capabilities of computers have taken place. But today digital computers still use the same logical operations as their predecessors.

There are many basic concepts that can be applied to all types of computers, including microcomputers. For the most part, human beings can do whatever computers can do, but computers can do it with much greater speed and accuracy, though computers perform all their calculations and operations one step at a time.

A computer is faster and more accurate than people, but unlike most people it must be given a complete set of instructions that tell exactly what to do at each step of its operation.

This set of instructions, called a programme is prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do. These programmes are placed in the computer's memory unit³ in binary-coded form⁴, with each instructions having unique code.

Computers are often used in applications where the results of their calculations are required immediately to be used in controlling a process. These are called real-time applications; they are often found in industrial process control in industries such as paper mills, oil refineries, chemical plants, and many others. The measuring systems send their signals to the computer which processes them and responds with appropriate control signals to be sent back to the process⁵.

Computers in present use range considerably: from tiny things to big ones. The microcomputer is the smallest and the newest member of the computer family. It usually consists of several integrated circuit chips⁶, including a microprocessor chip, memory chips, and input/output interface chip which are a result of tremendous advances in large-scale integration⁸.

Vocabulary Notes

1. versatile – універсальний;

2. set of instructions – набір інструкцій;

3. memory unit – блок пам'яті;

4. binary-coded form – форма двійкового кодування;

5. control signals to be sent back to the process – контрольні сигнали, які потрібно повернути на обробку;

6. integrated circuit chip – чіп інтегральної схеми;

7. input/output interface chip – чіп інтерфейсу вводу/виводу;

8. large-scale integration – велика інтегральна схема (ВІС).

VI. Знайдіть і підкресліть в тексті речення з дієсловами to be, to have, to do та визначте їх функції.

Варіант 2

І. Перепишіть подані нижче речення та визначте в кожному з них видо-часову форму і стан дієслова-присудка (див. зразок 1). Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Our laboratory will soon be provided with the most up-to-date equipment.

2. These books are sold everywhere.

3. The letter has just been signed by the director.

4. The event had been reported by the newspaper, before they arrived home.

5. Automatic mines are being designed, where robots will work in rich coal deposits at a depth of three to five kilometers where human beings are unable to operate.

II. Перепишіть подані нижче речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one (див. зразок 2.)

1. As my watch was broken, I had to buy a new one.

2. This machine will be more effective than that of an old design.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

4. It is intended to raise the capacity of this machine through various technical improvements.

5. As one must expect the first metals that were used by primitive man were those that are found free in nature in large quantities.

III. Перепишіть подані нижче речення і перекладіть їх українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення дієслів to be, to have, to do.

1. I haven't heard from him since he left the country.

2. He has to improve his English.

3. He didn't pay much attention to his health.

4. The gas molecules do have attraction for one another although the attraction is very small.

5. All the data available are fed into the computer in order to be processed.

IV. Перепишіть подані нижче речення. Підкресліть Participle I, Participle II, Perfect Participle та визначте їх форму. Перекладіть речення українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні функції дієприкметників (див. зразок 3).

1. Being very tired, we refused to go for a walk.

2. Having lived a few years in England, he knew English properly.

3. We have received the contract signed by the representative of the firm.

4. Being placed in a liquid, a body sinks until it has displaced its own weight of the liquid.

5. Natural radioactivity having been discovered, many scientists became interested in it.