- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Модульная структура учебного пособия «basic english grammar course»
- •Module I
- •The verbs «to be», «to have»
- •The verb ‘to be’
- •Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to be’
- •Exercises Exercise 1. Fill in ’m, ’s, ’re, ’m not, isn’t or aren’t, as in the example.
- •The verb ‘to have’ Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to have’
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module I
- •Revision module I
- •Progress test module I
- •Module II
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module II
- •Revision module II
- •Progress test module II
- •Module III
- •Imperatives. Types of questions
- •Imperative sentences
- •Exercises
- •Types of questions
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for selfcontrol module III
- •Revision module III
- •Progress test module III
- •Module IV the nouns the noun. Plural of nouns
- •Exercises
- •The possessive case of the noun
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module IV
- •Revision module IV
- •Progress test module IV
- •Module V the quantifiers the numerals
- •Cardinals
- •Ordinals
- •2. The cardinals
- •3. The ordinals
- •Exercises
- •Much, many, little, a little, few, a few
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module V Task 1. Insert few, little, a few, a little.
- •Task 2. Read and literally translate. Insert articles where necessary.
- •Revision module V
- •Progress test module V
- •Module VI the pronouns types of the pronouns
- •Possessive pronouns
- •Interrogative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Negative pronouns
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.
- •Exercise 5. Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.
- •Exercise 6. Supply some or any.
- •Exercise 7. Supply somebody or anybody, someone or anyone.
- •Exercise 8. Supply something or anything.
- •Tasks for self-control module VI Task 1. Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.
- •Task 2. Point out conjunctive, relative, and interrogative pronouns.
- •Revision module VI
- •Progress test module VI
- •Module VII the adjectives and adverbs the adjectives. Degrees of comparison
- •3. Polysyllable adjectives.
- •IV. Spelling rules
- •Note 3: There is a group of so called limit adjectives which already have a very strong meaning:
- •Exercises
- •The adverbs
- •Farther - farthest
- •3. Adverbs or adjectives?
- •Exercises
- •Task for self-control Task 1. State the morphological composition of the following adjectives.
- •Task 2. Give the comparative and superlative degrees.
- •Task 3. Use the adjective in the comparative or superlative degree.
- •Task 4. Point out all the substantivised adjectives and state whether they are wholly or partially substantivised.
- •Task 5. State the morphological composition of the following adverbs.
- •Revision
- •Progress test module VII
- •Rating scale
- •Bibliography
Impersonal sentences
Impersonal sentences begin with the pronoun ‘it’. They are used to talk about time, day (months, season), distance, weather, states: (nice, easy, hard, good, necessary, difficult, interesting, cool, exciting, wonderful, thrilling, awful, terrible, important).
It’s half past ten.
It’s Monday. It’s the 16th of December.
It’s three miles from our house to the centre of the city.
It’s a long way from here to the station.
It’s raining.
Does it snow very often?
It’s warm / cold / windy / sunny.
It is – There is
We use ‘it’ as a meaningless subject with expressions referring to time, weather, temperature or distance.
It is + adjective - It is foggy today. It will be hot in Rome tomorrow.
We use ‘there’ as a kind of preparatory subject in sentences which say that something exists.
There is + noun – There is fog today. There will be heavy rain in Madrid today.
Note! Don’t confuse «it’s» and «its».
«It’s» = it is (a personal pronoun and the verb “to be”):
It’s (it is) very nice here.
«Its» is a possessive pronoun followed by a noun:
I bought a new skirt. Its colour is blue.
Exercises
Exercise 1. Use «it» or «there».
A. 1. ... is winter. ... is a lot of snow. 2. ... was Christmas. ... were a lot of presents for the children under the Christmas tree. 3. ...were a lot of clouds in the morning. Now... is clear again. 4. I think ... is time to begin. 5. What is ... ? 6. ... is wonderful music in this film. 7. Our class went to a concert. ... was a success. 8. ... is a student from Britain in our group. ... is a swimming pool near my house, but ... is no water in it. 10. ... were a lot of rains last autumn.
B. 1. What is ... you wanted to tell me? 2. Since ... was nothing much to see, we left. 3. Where ... is life, ... is hope. 4. ... is no use telling him the truth. ... is nothing to him. 5. ... is important to keep in mind that ... is left-side traffic in Britain. 6. Is ... any I news? 7. Is ... enough food in the house? — ... is enough to feed the whole group. 8. ... is nothing like walking about the countryside when ... is warm and ... is sunshine and ... isn’t a single cloud in the sky and ... is not going to rain and ... is someone to make you happy. 9. Along time ago ... used to be a fortress on that hill. 10. ... is nothing but the result of her nervous disorder. 11. ... is nothing I can do to help you. 12. ... a medieval castle in the woods. ... has existed since the 14th I century. 13. ... comes my bus. ... is number 17. 14. ... no time to waste. ... is high time we take some steps. 15. ... was here that we met Ethel. 16. «I like ... when I’m alone», she said. 17. ... was something extremely civilized about her so that … surprised you to see her in those surroundings. 18. Let ... be so. 19. Let ... always be sunshine. 19. ... is no smoke without fire. 20. ... never rains but ... pours.
Exercise 2. Say what you keep:
in the draw of your desk;
in your safe;
in you pocket, bag, wallet/purse.
Exercise 3. Use «it» or «there».
1. ____ a bike parking near the metro station. ____ is a safe place. 2. ____ is a fax today. _____ is for you. 3.____ is a Xerox ['zɪərɔks] in the laboratory. ____ is very useful. 4. _____ isn’t a printer to this computer. ____ isn’t good. 5.____ is always a tiny ray of hope. ____ is better to be optimistic. 6. _____ is no ink in the cartridge. Is ____ an old one? — Yes, _____ is. 7. _____ is some fish and an octopus on the screen saver. _____ is a very pleasant picture. 8._____ was so much rain last summer. _____ was really like _____ is in England, but _____ was very hot there. 9. _____ is no money left on my account. _____ is very, very sad. 10. _____is so much information in the Internet. _____ is really a world of knowledge. 11. Once upon a time _____ lived a very kind doctor. _____ is a famous children’s story. 12. Once _____ was a brave captain. _____ is a story about Captain Cook. 13. _____ is a fine day today! _____ are many dog-walkers in the park. 14. _____ is up to you to decide this question.
Exercise 4. Translate into English.
1. Зима. Декабрь. Очень холодно. Кругом много снега. 2. Весна. Апрель. Тепло и солнечно. Это чудесное время года. 3. Сегодня суббота. Это мой свободный день. 4. Пасмурно, похоже, будет дождь. — Какой сегодня день? — Это пятница. Мой любимый день. — Который час? — 14 часов. Пора обедать. 7. — Боюсь, что я опаздываю. — Ты никогда не опаздываешь. 8. — Далеко ли отсюда до парка? — Не очень далеко. 9. — Какое сегодня число? Кто отсутствует? — Сегодня 5 Марта. Все здесь. 10. — Кто сегодня дежурный? — Я дежурная сегодня. Мы готовы к уроку. — Да, пора начинать урок. 11. — Время для второго завтрака. — Да, уже 12 часов. Хочется пить. 12. Это трудный вопрос. Необходимо решить его. 13. Мир тесен. В нем так много людей, которые знают друг друга. 14. В Лондоне всегда много туристов. В английской столице столько достопримечательностей. 15. Тебе сообщение на дисплее. Оно срочное.
Exercise 5. Tell about your area, street, house, flat using there is/was/will be;it is/was/will be; its+noun.
Exercise 6. Use «it» or «there».
1. ___ is autumn. ___ is getting cold. ___ usually gets dark very early. 2. ____ were many people on the bus. ____ was a peak hour. 3. ___ is no wind today. — Yes, ___ isn’t windy. 4. ___ are twelve months in the year, ____ is a fact. 5. ___ is a long way from here to the airport. But ___ is a taxi at the shop. 6. ___ was a fine day. ___ were a lot of people in the park. 7. ___ is something I’d like to tell you . ____ is very important. 8. ___ is a new book. ___ are many interesting facts in it. 9. ___ isn’t a difficult task. ___ are many ways to do it. 10. We can’t take any pictures . ___ isn’t a film in the camera. ____ such a pity! 11. ___ is warm in the room. ____ is a fireplace here. 12. ____ was a lot of snow last winter. ___ was a cold winter. 13. — Is ___ snowing? — No, ___ is raining hard. ___ are dark clouds in the sky. 14. ___ is a supermarket down the street. ___ is a five minute walk from here. ___ is close to the bus station. 15. — Who is that man? — ___ is Mr. Smith, our director. 16. — ___ is a question I’d like to ask you. — Is ___ difficult? 17. ___ is a good question, and I’ll try to answer it. Sometimes ___ are questions that you can’t answer. 18. ___ is about ten o’clock. ___ is little time left before the lecture starts. 19. ___ is an island in the ocean. ____ is a small island, but ___ are many hotels there. 20. — What’s this? — ___ is a secret file. ___ is very important formation in it.
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into English.
1. — Что находится в этом красивом здании? — Это педагогический университет. Это новый университет. — А я решил, что это банк. Нет, есть несколько банков на противоположной стороне улицы. - Это тихая и красивая улочка старой Москвы. Мне здесь нравится. 2. Рядом с метро есть большой торговый центр «Атриум». Это недалеко от нашего университета. В нём много различных маленьких магазинов. Некоторые дорогие, некоторые нет. Есть хорошие магазины для молодых людей. Приятно зайти в него и походить по магазинам и выпить чашку чая в кафе. 3. На противоположной стороне этой улицы есть книжный магазин. Его легко найти. На нём висит вывеска. Это новый магазин. Он достаточно большой. В нём много различных книг и учебников. Когда вы идёте туда, важно знать, что вы хотите купить. Там есть продавцы, которые помогают найти книги. Приятно найти там что-то новое и интересное. 4. Что находится в вашем холодильнике? — О, это большой холодильник. В нём две камеры и в нём много различных продуктов. Есть сыр, масло, молоко, джем, сок. В морозилке есть мясо, рыба, мороженое. В нём также есть фрукты и овощи.