- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Модульная структура учебного пособия «basic english grammar course»
- •Module I
- •The verbs «to be», «to have»
- •The verb ‘to be’
- •Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to be’
- •Exercises Exercise 1. Fill in ’m, ’s, ’re, ’m not, isn’t or aren’t, as in the example.
- •The verb ‘to have’ Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to have’
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module I
- •Revision module I
- •Progress test module I
- •Module II
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module II
- •Revision module II
- •Progress test module II
- •Module III
- •Imperatives. Types of questions
- •Imperative sentences
- •Exercises
- •Types of questions
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for selfcontrol module III
- •Revision module III
- •Progress test module III
- •Module IV the nouns the noun. Plural of nouns
- •Exercises
- •The possessive case of the noun
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module IV
- •Revision module IV
- •Progress test module IV
- •Module V the quantifiers the numerals
- •Cardinals
- •Ordinals
- •2. The cardinals
- •3. The ordinals
- •Exercises
- •Much, many, little, a little, few, a few
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module V Task 1. Insert few, little, a few, a little.
- •Task 2. Read and literally translate. Insert articles where necessary.
- •Revision module V
- •Progress test module V
- •Module VI the pronouns types of the pronouns
- •Possessive pronouns
- •Interrogative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Negative pronouns
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.
- •Exercise 5. Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.
- •Exercise 6. Supply some or any.
- •Exercise 7. Supply somebody or anybody, someone or anyone.
- •Exercise 8. Supply something or anything.
- •Tasks for self-control module VI Task 1. Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.
- •Task 2. Point out conjunctive, relative, and interrogative pronouns.
- •Revision module VI
- •Progress test module VI
- •Module VII the adjectives and adverbs the adjectives. Degrees of comparison
- •3. Polysyllable adjectives.
- •IV. Spelling rules
- •Note 3: There is a group of so called limit adjectives which already have a very strong meaning:
- •Exercises
- •The adverbs
- •Farther - farthest
- •3. Adverbs or adjectives?
- •Exercises
- •Task for self-control Task 1. State the morphological composition of the following adjectives.
- •Task 2. Give the comparative and superlative degrees.
- •Task 3. Use the adjective in the comparative or superlative degree.
- •Task 4. Point out all the substantivised adjectives and state whether they are wholly or partially substantivised.
- •Task 5. State the morphological composition of the following adverbs.
- •Revision
- •Progress test module VII
- •Rating scale
- •Bibliography
The verb ‘to have’ Present Past Future
Per son |
Sin gular |
Per son |
Plu ral |
Per son |
Sin gular |
Per son |
Plu ral |
Per son |
Sin gular |
Per son |
Plu ral |
I |
have |
we |
have |
I |
had |
we |
had |
I |
will have |
we |
will have |
|
|
you |
have |
|
|
you |
had |
|
|
you |
will have |
he she it |
has |
they |
have |
he she it |
had |
they |
had had |
he she it |
will have |
they |
will have |
I. The verb ‘to have’ has a meaning of ‘to possess’.
In affirmative sentences the form of the verb ‘to have’ immediately follows the subject:
I have a dog. They had four lessons today. We will have a day off on the 10th of September.
In interrogative sentences two variants are possible in the present:
the form of the verb ‘to have’ is placed before the subject:
Have you a flat? Has she many friends?
the auxiliary verb ‘to do’ is placed before the subject:
Do we have enough money? Does he have free time?
The second variant is more common in modern speech. In the past only the second variant is possible:
Did you have a spare pen? Did they have a book?
In negative sentences also two variants are possible:
the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the form of the verb ‘to have’:
I have not anything to do. She had not any pet.
the auxiliary verb ‘to do’ and the negative particle ‘not’ are placed after the subject:
He does not have food. We do not have good equipment.
I did not have your article.
As in interrogative sentences in negative ones the second variant is also more common.
In the future the verb ‘will’ is placed before the subject in interrogative sentences and the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the verb ‘will’ in negative sentences: Will you have enough time to do this task? I will not have free time tomorrow.
II. Got-forms of “have”.
In conversation and informal writing, the double form “have got” is used in British English.
I’ve got a new boyfriend (Sounds more natural in speech than I have a new boyfriend).
I’ve got a headache.
It is less used to talk about repeated and habitual states:
- I have / I’ve got toothache. – I often have toothache.
In forming questions and negative sentences the auxiliary verb ‘to do’ is not used: Has your sister got a car? I haven’t got your keys.
Have you got time to go to London this weekend?
Got-forms of ‘have’ are not used in short answers and tags:
‘Have you got a light?’ – ‘No, I haven’t.’ Anne’s got a bike, hasn’t she?
Got-forms of ‘have’ are not used in the past tense:
I had flu last week.