- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Модульная структура учебного пособия «basic english grammar course»
- •Module I
- •The verbs «to be», «to have»
- •The verb ‘to be’
- •Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to be’
- •Exercises Exercise 1. Fill in ’m, ’s, ’re, ’m not, isn’t or aren’t, as in the example.
- •The verb ‘to have’ Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to have’
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module I
- •Revision module I
- •Progress test module I
- •Module II
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module II
- •Revision module II
- •Progress test module II
- •Module III
- •Imperatives. Types of questions
- •Imperative sentences
- •Exercises
- •Types of questions
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for selfcontrol module III
- •Revision module III
- •Progress test module III
- •Module IV the nouns the noun. Plural of nouns
- •Exercises
- •The possessive case of the noun
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module IV
- •Revision module IV
- •Progress test module IV
- •Module V the quantifiers the numerals
- •Cardinals
- •Ordinals
- •2. The cardinals
- •3. The ordinals
- •Exercises
- •Much, many, little, a little, few, a few
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module V Task 1. Insert few, little, a few, a little.
- •Task 2. Read and literally translate. Insert articles where necessary.
- •Revision module V
- •Progress test module V
- •Module VI the pronouns types of the pronouns
- •Possessive pronouns
- •Interrogative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Negative pronouns
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.
- •Exercise 5. Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.
- •Exercise 6. Supply some or any.
- •Exercise 7. Supply somebody or anybody, someone or anyone.
- •Exercise 8. Supply something or anything.
- •Tasks for self-control module VI Task 1. Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.
- •Task 2. Point out conjunctive, relative, and interrogative pronouns.
- •Revision module VI
- •Progress test module VI
- •Module VII the adjectives and adverbs the adjectives. Degrees of comparison
- •3. Polysyllable adjectives.
- •IV. Spelling rules
- •Note 3: There is a group of so called limit adjectives which already have a very strong meaning:
- •Exercises
- •The adverbs
- •Farther - farthest
- •3. Adverbs or adjectives?
- •Exercises
- •Task for self-control Task 1. State the morphological composition of the following adjectives.
- •Task 2. Give the comparative and superlative degrees.
- •Task 3. Use the adjective in the comparative or superlative degree.
- •Task 4. Point out all the substantivised adjectives and state whether they are wholly or partially substantivised.
- •Task 5. State the morphological composition of the following adverbs.
- •Revision
- •Progress test module VII
- •Rating scale
- •Bibliography
Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns are: some, any, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, something, anything, one.
The pronouns somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, one have two cases: the common case and the possessive case.
Some is mainly used in the affirmative sentences while any is used in negative and interrogative sentences and conditional clauses.
Some used with plural count nouns has the meaning of «несколько, некоторые»:
I have a lot of flowers in my garden, some flowers are sweet-scented.
Some used with singular count nouns is translated into Russian as «какой-то, какой-нибудь»:
Tell me some interesting story.
Some used with non-count nouns has the meaning of «немного, некоторое количество»:
There is some milk in the bottle.
Some is used in special and general questions expressing request or proposal:
Do you want some water? Would you like to see some of my pictures?
Some is used in interrogative sentences if an affirmative answer is expected:
Are you waiting for some friend? – Yes.
Any used with plural count nouns is translated as «какие-то, какие-нибудь»:
Are there any children in the park?
Any used with non-count nouns has the meaning of «сколько-нибудь»:
Is there any water in the kettle?
Any can be used in the affirmative sentences. In this case it has the meaning of любой»:
I can read any English book in the original.
The pronoun one indicates people in general:
One never knows what may happen. – Никогда не знаешь, что может случиться.
Negative pronouns
Negative pronouns are: no, none, nothing, nobody, no one, neither.
Unlike Russian, in sentences with negative pronouns no other negative words can be used:
I told him nothing. – Я ему ничего не сказал.
Only two negative pronouns have the category of case: nobody – nobody’s, no one – no one’s.
No and none refer to all nouns denoting both persons and things, nothing refers to things, nobody, no one refer to persons only.
The pronoun neither refers to two persons or things, when it’s used as subject, the predicate verb is in the singular:
Neither was present.
None refers to many people and agrees with the predicate verb in the plural:
None were present at the meeting.
The pronoun no is used only before nouns:
No trees could be seen.
The pronouns nobody, no one, nothing require a verb in the singular:
Nothing is important here. Nobody was looking at her.
Exercises
Exercise 1. Use the appropriate personal pronouns:
1. ... say there’s been a great earthquake in the Pacific. 2. If ... see a giraffe once a year ... remains a spectacle; if ... see ... daily ... becomes part of the scenery. 3. «Mary’s married now», said Mrs Scott. «... was in the ‘Times’». 4. The «Friedrich Weber» was a freighter (грузовое судно) sailing from Hamburg to Colombo. ... also carried passengers. 5. There was a lot of noise all around now, and amongst could hear a plane flying unusually low. 6. Pat soon made ... clear that ... did not want to stay there long. 7. I got my hat and beat ... . 8. He is dreadfully ugly. ... must not start when ... see ... , or ... will put ... off. ... doesn’t like ... to feel sorry for ... . 9. We were climbing a steep hill and the car throbbed as if ... were going to expire. 10. … was cold to sit on the terrace, pretending that ... was really a summer evening. 11. «Our aim is to keep Italy out of the war until ... is strong enough to come in on our side», said the colonel. 12. Poor old England! I don’t suppose I shall ever see ... again.