- •Предисловие
- •Часть I включает двадцать аутентичных текстов, каждый из которых снабжен лексико-грамматическими упражнениями для развития навыков устной речи.
- •Часть II содержит тексты для ознакомительного чтения и задания к ним, позволяющие осуществить контроль понимания прочитанного.
- •Часть III включает сборник грамматических упражнений, направленных на активное усвоение основных грамматических моделей.
- •Unit 1 What is Law?
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Unit 2 Kinds of laws
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 3 Who makes laws?
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 4 courts
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 5 Court systems
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 6 The Adversary System
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 7 Judges and Juries
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 8 The Idea of Torts: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 9 Types of Torts
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 10 torts that Injure Persons
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 11 State and Federal Criminal Laws.
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 12
- •Victims of Crime
- •If You Become a Victim
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized:
- •Assignments
- •Unit 13 Nature and Causes of Crime
- •Recognition vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 14 General Consideration
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignment
- •Unit 15 Preliminary Crimes
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to the memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 16 The Trial
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 17 Arrest
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 18 Crimes Against the Person
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized.
- •Premeditated criminal activity
- •Assignments
- •Unit 19 Crimes Against Property
- •Vandalism
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Unit 20 Sentencing
- •Recognition Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Assignments
- •Part II
- •Text 1 Consumer Law
- •Assignment
- •Influences on consumer
- •Assignment
- •Test 3 How law protect the consumer
- •Assignment
- •Test 4 Court cases on consumer’s complaints
- •Assignment
- •Text 5 Family law
- •Text 6 Spouse abuse
- •Assignment
- •Assignment
- •Part III
- •There is - there are
- •The Degrees of Comparison
- •The Active Voice
- •The Passive Voice
- •The Infinitive
- •The Gerund
- •Participle I
- •Participle II
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •The Subjunctive Mood
- •Оглавление
Unit 6 The Adversary System
The trial in the United States is an adversary process. This means it is a contest between opposing sides. The theory of this process is that the trier of fact (judge or jury) will be able to determine the truth if the opposing parties present their best arguments and show the weaknesses in the side’s cases.
If a criminal case goes to trial, the prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil case the burden is on the plaintiff to prove his or her case by a preponderance of the evidence (greater weight of evidence). The standard of proof is more difficult in a criminal case. This is because of a belief that more evidence should be required to take away a person’s freedom.
The adversary process is not the only method for handling legal disputes. Many countries have systems differing from our own. Moreover, the adversary process is sometimes criticized as not providing the best setting for the discovery of truth with respect to the facts of a specific case. Critics compare the adversary process to a battle in which lawyers act as enemies, making every effort not to present all the evidence. In this view the goal of trial is «victory, not truth or justice».
On the other hand, the adversary process has long served as the cornerstone of the American legal system. Most attorneys believe that approaching the same set of facts from totally different perspectives will uncover more truth than would other methods.
Recognition vocabulary
verbs |
nouns |
adjectives |
|
try - судить, рассматривать дело determine - определять present - представлять prove - доказывать require - требовать differ - отличаться criticize - критиковать provide - предусматривать, снабжать serve - служить approach - приближаться, подходить uncover - обнаруживать, раскрывать compare - сравнивать believe - верить act - действовать |
victory - победа trial - судебное разбирательство contest - состязание trier of fact -присяжный theory - теория weakness - слабость prosecution - преследование, сторона обвинения plaintiff - истец burden - бремя preponderance - перевес, превосходство evidence - доказательство, свидетельские показания weight - вес standard - мерило proof - доказательство belief - вера setting - окружающая обстановка discovery - раскрытие battle - сражение enemy - враг goal - цель justice - справедливость cornerstone - краеугольный камень attorney - поверенный, юрист, адвокат, прокурор argument - довод, спор, дискуссия dispute - спор, диспут truth - правда |
adversary - состязательный opposing - противостоящий weak - слабый the only - единственный own - собственный every - каждый total - всеобщий guilty - виновный innocent - невиновный
word-combinations beyond a reasonable doubt - вне всякого сомнения preponderance of the evidence - наличие более веских доказательств with respect to - в отношении, что касается on the other hand - с другой стороны set of facts - набор фактов from different prospectves - с разных сторон make effort - прилагать усилия to handle a legal dispute - разрешать правовой спор burden of proof - бремя доказывания in this view - с этой точки зрения |
|