The Passive Voice

I. Translate the following sentences. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. Lawmaking is limited by the US Constitution.

2. Our legal system is influenced by traditional ideas of right and wrong.

3. Juvenile cases are heard in a special juvenile court or in a domestic relations court.

4. In 1983 more than 12 million serious crimes were reported to the police.

5. Anyone who calls the referral service will be given the name of a lawyer for an appointment.

6. Many laws have been changed by the Supreme Court.

7. Lawyers are permitted to advertise their services.

8. Every crime is made up of certain elements.

9. The category of crimes against property includes crimes in which property is destroyed and crimes in which property is stolen or otherwise taken against the will of the owner.

10. Burglary was originally defined as the breaking and entering of the dwelling house of another person during the night with intent to commit a felony.

11. Before the establishment of juvenile courts children under the age of seven were never held responsible for criminal acts.

The Infinitive

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the function of the infinitive.

1. To understand the law, we must consider the relationship of law to morals.

2. To help you the attorney needs to know everything about your problem.

3. To be certified as a shorthand reporter it is required that applicants have a high school diploma and attend a registered school for court reporters.

4. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous decision it is said to be a hung jury, and the case may be tried again.

5. The juvenile court system was supposed to help and rehabilitate young offenders.

6. Try to remember what the suspect looked like, age, height, clothing.

7. Anther way to find a lawyer is to contact a lawyer referral service in your community.

8. The defence has the opportunity to question each witness.

9. Even primitive people had rules to regulate the conduct of the group.

10. State courts are often specialized to deal with specific areas of law.

11. I said to the police what he wanted me to say because I’m grateful to him.

The Gerund

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the function of the gerund.

1. Preventing a crime is not an easy task.

2. Working with an attorney also means making decisions.

3. Compensation laws provide financial help for victims: paying medical bills, making up lost salary.

4. Many people think of seeing an attorney only after they get into trouble.

5. The robbed man began to accuse the woman of being in league with the robber.

6. A criminal case is a legal action by the government against a person charged with committing a crime.

7. The US Constitution divides the power for making laws between the federal government and the state government.

8. The juror has the duty of protecting the rights of those involved.

9. In nonjury trials the judge has the function of determining the facts of the case and rendering a judgment.

10. The adversary process is not the only method for handling legal disputes.

11. After questioning each juror, the opposing attorneys may request the removal of any juror who does not appear capable of rendering a fair and impartial verdict.

12. You can always find a lawyer by looking under «Lawyers» in the Yellow pages of your phone book.

13. The lawmaking authority of Congress is exercised by passing laws called federal statutes.

14. In a criminal case the lawyer for the defendant has the duty to do everything possible (without violating a code of professional ethics) to secure the release and acquittal of the client.

15. If someone picks your pocket without your knowing it, the person cannot be convicted of robbery.

16. After studying the report and listening to recommendations from the defense attorney and the prosecutor, the judge will impose sentence.

17. The waiting period could prevent someone from getting married as a joke or while they were intoxicated.