V. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания:

to accompany the process of respiration, to breathe in oxygen, through the air passages, to breathe out carbon dioxide, exchange of gases in the lungs, to increase the amount of leucocytes, to enable doctors, in deep breath, to observe new phenomenon, to decrease the patient’s temperature

VI. Раскройте скобки и прочтите предложения:

1. When we breathe out (ток крови) into the lungs (уменьшается). 2. One of the mechanisms of headache (связан) with the pressure made by a tumour on the ( черепные и шейные) nerves. 3. During the act of respiration the air enters the lungs through the air (ходы). 4. When the doctor was examining the patient he asked him (дышать) deeply. 5. The flow of blood into the lungs increases when one (вдыхают) and it decreases when one (выдыхают) . 6. On physical exertion the (частота дыхания) and the (глубина) of respiration (увеличиваются). 7. (Количество) of the (жидкой части) of the blood called the plasma composes 60%.

VII. Прочтите, определите виды придаточных предложение и переведите их:

1. The treatment the patient had begun on the first of June was quite effective. 2. The condition of the patient we are treating has become better. 3. The methods of investigation the scientist had included in his research helped him to determine the origin of the pulmonary disease. 4. The faculty my brother in trains pediatricians. 5. We know well Servet was the first anatomist to describe the pulmonary circulation in the first half of the 16^th century. 6. The phenomenon of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs Sechenov investigated is due to the law of diffusion of gas from the fluid into the air. 7. The vital capacity of the lungs many physiologists have studied changes in some cardiac and pulmonary diseases. 8. The great English anatomist W. Harvey found out the heart changed its colour during the contractions.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите текст:

Text A. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LUNGS

Respiration consists of repeated inhalations and exhalations. The respiratory movements are rhythmical. An adult at rest makes 16-20 respiratory movements per minute, children make more movements (a newborn child makes up to 60 movements a minute). Physical exertion is usually accompanied by faster respiration. Accelerated respiration is also observed in many diseases. Sleep is accompanied by a slowing of respiration.

The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. The physiology of the lungs is associated with their structure. There are over 700,000,000 alveoli in the lungs. The lungs have many capillaries with the total surface of about 80 sq. m. This particular structure of the lungs enables the exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood. Elastic fibers of connective tissue composing the walls of the alveoli, alveolar passages and the visceral pleura enable the lungs to dilate.

When one breathes in the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs. At this moment the diaphragm also contracts and goes down. The volume of the chest increases. The increase of the chest volume enables the lungs to extend. The pressure in the lungs becomes less and the atmospheric air enters the lungs.

When one breathes out the external intercostal muscles and the muscles of the diaphragm become relaxed. The ribs go down , the diaphragm goes up, the volume of the chest decreases and the lungs contract. The pressure in the lungs becomes higher and the air goes out of the lungs.

The vital capacity of the lungs in the male averages 3.5-4 litres and in the female 3-3.5 litres. The regulation of the vital capacity is of particular importance to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide taking place in the lungs.

The respiratory rate and its depth depend on the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

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