XV. Задайте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам:

1. Nerve is the structure which transmits impulses and stimuli to and from the brain

and spinal cord.

2. The nervous system builds up a background of memory by recording and relating

certain stimuli and responses.

3. Scientists have found that human beings have different kinds of senses.

4. Some kinds of senses give information about the body needs.

5. Heat is felt by special receptor cells in the skin.

6. Impairment in cerebral function can be characterized by a lack of memory and

attention.

7. Cerebrolysin improves the efficiency of the cerebral metabolism.

XVI. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос:

How many groups do the scientists divide the senses into? Name these groups.

SENSE ORGANS

Senses are the means by which many-celled animals tell what is happening in their environment. Many people think that human being have only five senses – sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. But scientists have found that human beings also have other kinds of senses that give information about the body needs. These senses include hunger, fatigue, pain and thirst. Scientists divide the senses into two groups. External senses receive information about the outside environment. These senses include hearing, vision, smell, taste and touch. They also include the sense of heat which is felt by special receptor cells in the skin. Internal senses detect changes that take place in the tissues and organs inside the body and send messages about these changes to the brain. The internal senses respond to chemical and physical stimuli in the circulatory, digestive, excretory, respiratory and central nervous systems. They control such feelings as hunger, fatigue, pain and thirst. The internal senses also respond to the position and movement of the joints, to tension in the muscles, and to the position of the head. By responding to these chemical and physical changes internal senses help maintain a proper environment inside the body.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the difference between these groups of senses?

2. What senses do these groups include?

Texts for supplementary reading common cold

What is the common cold, and what causes it? The common cold also known as a viral upper respiratory tract infection is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. More than 200 different types of viruses are known to cause the common cold. Because so many different viruses can cause a cold and because new cold viruses constantly develop, the body never builds up resistance against all of them. For this reason colds are a frequent and recurring problem. In fact children in preschool and elementary school can have 3 to 12 cold per year while adolescents and adults typically have 2 to 4 colds per year. The common cold is the most frequently occurring illness in the world and it is a leading cause of doctor visits and missed days from school and work.

What are the symptoms of the common cold? Symptoms of the common cold include nasal stuffiness or drainage, sore or scratchy throat, sneezing, hoarseness, cough, and perhaps a fever and headache. Many people with a cold feel tired and achy. These symptoms will typically last anywhere from 3 to 10 days.

How is the common cold spread? The common cold is usually spread by direct hand-to-hand contact with infected secretions or from contaminated surfaces. For example, if a person with a cold blows or touches his nose and then touches someone else’s, that person can subsequently become infected with the virus. Additionally, a cold virus can live on objects such as pens, books, telephones, computer keyboards, and coffee cups for several hours and can thus be acquired from contact with these objects.

Does it have anything to do with exposure to cold weather? Though the common cold usually occurs in the fall and winter months the cold weather itself does not cause the common cold. Rather, it is thought that during cold weather months people spend more time indoors in close proximity to each other thus facilitating the spread of the virus. For the same reason, children in day care and school are particularly prone to acquiring the common cold.

What is the difference between the common cold and influenza (the flu)? Many people confuse the common cold with influenza (the flu). Influenza is caused by the influenza virus while the common cold generally is not. While some of the symptoms of the common cold and influenza may be similar patients with the common cold typically have a milder illness. Patients with influenza are usually sicker and have a more abrupt onset of illness with fever, chills, headache, body aches, dry cough, and extreme weakness. Though differentiating between the common cold and influenza can be difficult, there is laboratory testing available to confirm the diagnoses of influenza.

What is the treatment for the common cold? There is no cure for the common cold. Home treatment is directed at alleviating the symptoms associated with the common cold and allowing this self-limiting illness to run its course. Supportive measures for the common cold include rest and drinking plenty of fluids. Over-the-counter medications such as throat lozenges, throat sprays, cough drops, and cough syrups may also help bring relief. Decongestants such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) or antihistamines may be used for nasal symptoms. Saline sprays and a humidifier may also be beneficial. Do not use aspirin or aspirin containing medications in children or teenagers because they have been associated with a rare potentially fatal condition called Reye’s syndrome.

Are antibiotics a suitable treatment for the common cold? No. Antibiotics play no role in treating the common cold. Antibiotics are effective only against illnesses caused by bacteria, and colds are caused by viruses. Not only do antibiotics not help but they cal also cause allergic reactions that can be fatal (1:40,000). Furthermore, using antibiotics when they are not necessary has led to the growth of several strains of common bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics (including one that commonly causes ear infections in children). For these anf other reasons it is important to limit the use of antibiotics to situations in which they are medically indicated.

Though occasionally a bacterial infection such as sinusitis or a middle ear infection can develop following a cold, treatment with antibiotics should be left at the discretion of your physician or health-care practitioner.

How do you prevent the common cold? The most important measure to prevent the common cold is frequent hand washing as this can destroy viruses that you have acquired from touching contaminated surfaces. Also. try to avoid sharing utensils and try to use disposable items (such as disposable cups) if someone in your family has a cold. Finally, lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and stress management may decrease susceptibility to acquiring the common cold.