- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Inform the group about your activities and find out if he or she does the same:
- •XI. Express doubt concerning the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Ask about the following as in the model:
- •XIII. Translate info English:
- •XIV. Communicative situations:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •I. Read and memorize following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite Tense in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Read and change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and words-combinations:
- •X. Refer the following statements to the past:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •Vei. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Express the following in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Ask questions to the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Inform the group about the future activites or states:
- •XI. Ask for confirmations of the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XI. Translate the verbs in brackets in English using them in the necessary tense-form:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and) translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using Hie following expressions:
- •X. Put questions to the italicized words:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the fallowing words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Passive Voice according to the model:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Past Continuous Tense:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/iaf-quesfions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the following sentences from direct into indirect speech:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Future Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Transform the negative form of the Present Continuous Tense into the affirmative form of the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XI. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/rere-questions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change from direct into indirect speech:
- •XI. Ask questions as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill In the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Make up one complex sentence according to the mo del:
- •XI. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XII. Translate info English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word' combinations and word-groups:
- •IV. Read and translate the text;
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII, Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XI. Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Complete the following sentences as in the model using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situation:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the verbs in the principle clause into the Past Indefinite Tense and make all the necessary changes in the subordinate clause:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Answer the following questions as in the models:
- •Xl Change the following sentences using the Present Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Conditional Mood:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-qroups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •Xl Paraphrase the sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using Subjunctive I:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Paraphrase the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Paraphrase the sentences using Subjunctive II as in the model:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read) and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Replace the attributive clauses by the Infinitive:
- •XI. Make sentences with seem and appear according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up youp own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the following terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences into simple ones using the Subjective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using participle phrases instead of the subordinate clauses:
- •XI. Translate into English using Participle I, Participle II where it is necessary:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Absolute Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change these sentences according to the models:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate info English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change the following sentences according to the models:
- •Vocabulary
V. Answer the following questions:
What is inflation? -,
What is deflation?
What is referred to as inflation?
What do we call the price of one good in comparison with the price of other goods? .
What is the influence of price changes on your nominal and real income?
What are the two basic lessons about inflation?
What phenomenon do economists call money illusion?
What phenomenon do we observe when speculative profits become too easy?
What is the most common measure of inflation?
How can we calculate the inflation rate?
What do we call the absence of significant changes in the average price level?
What do we observe when the demand for goods and services increases faster than production?
103
VI. Define the terms:
inflation rate inflation
cost-push inflation price stability
deflation Consumer Price Index
money illusion real income
demand-pull inflation nominal income
VII, Translate into English:
1. Stewine iHd>nnu,iT Tpe6a Biflpi3Hflin Bin niflBtnu,eHHa u,jh Ha OKpeMi TOBapn. 2. BnpoAOBjK ocTaHHboro Micnu,n imjwisium Ha cnojKMBHi TOBapH 3pocna Ha 5 BiflcoTKiB. 3. BiAHOCHa ujHa — u,e u,iHa OAHOro TOBapy b nopiBHHHHi 3 ujhoio jhujhx TOBapiB. 4. iHctuiauja HaHMacTime Mae Micu,e b KpaYHax J3 HecTa6iribHOK> eKOHOMJKOHD. 5. HoMiHanbHHM aoxoa — u,e KinbKicTb rpoujeii, nKi bm orpHMaeTe 3a neBHhii nepiofl. 6. Bin Aocniflwye npo-6neMM incfjnnu,rr y u,m KpaiHi B>Ke npOTsiroM abox pOKiB. 7. Me Bci u,!hm niflBhinyioTbCfi oflwaKOBO nifl sac mdpnaufi: Aetwi 3po-CTaiOTb Ay>Ke lubhako, muji — noMipHO, a flesiKi 3oeciM He 3MtHioK>Tbca. 8. TeMn iHc()JiBu,M — u,e mopi4HMM cepeAHiii tcmh rtJABHiMeHHO piBHS qiH.
VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
T.: Haven't seen you for a long time. What are you busy with? D.: I am making preparations for my exam in economics. By
the way I know you are competent in questions concerning
inflation. Will you help me to distinguish the phenomenon
of inflation from price increases for specific goods. T.: With pleasure. The first thing you should take into account
is that inflation is an increase in the average level of prices,
not a change in any specific price. D.; And what about deflation? Have you any idea about it? T.: Well, deflation occurs when price decreases on some
goods and services outweigh price increases on all others. D.: Thank you, Tom, there is one more point to be cleared
up. What is the difference between nominal income and
real income? T.: Nominal income is the amount of money you receive in a
particular time period, and real income, by contrast, is
the purchasing power of that money as measured by the
quantity of goods and services your dollars will buy. D.: I see you are really a specialist in problems connected
with inflation. T.: Thank you for the compliment, but I'd like to draw your
attention to the fact that there are two basic lessons about
104
inflation to be learned: not all prices rise at the same rate during an inflation and not everyone suffers equally from inflation.
D-: What do you mean by that?
T.: Typically some prices rise very rapidly, others only modestly and still others not at all. Those people who consume the goods and services that are rising faster in price bear a greater burden of inflation; other consumers bear a lessen burden, or even none at all, depending on how fast the prices rise for the goods they enjoy.
D.: And do you know anything about the measure of inflation?
T.; Well, the most common measure of inflation is the Consumer Price Index. As its name suggests the CPI is a mechanism for measuring changes in the average price of consumer goods and services.
D.: I'm very much obliged to you for your exhaustive explanation. I think with you help I'll pass my exam in a good way. Thanks a lot.
T.: Not at all. Good luck!
D.; Why don't we go to the cafe and have a snack together?
IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
to experience an inflation price stability
nominal income and real income to suggest
to be measured in terms of average inflation rate
price levels to mean
to be the most familiar form of inflation money illusion
to be initiated by excessive aggregate
demand to be initiated by an increase in the cost
of production
X. Change the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense:
Model: Inflation will increase by 3% next month.
Inflation will have increased by 3% by the end of
the month. 1. Average price level will fall next month. 2. His nominal income won't change next year. 3. She will finish her report on inflation tomorrow. 4. Inflation rate will change next month. 5. Prices on specific goods and services will increase next week.
105
XI. Complete the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense:
Model: By that time tomorrow ....
By that time tomorrow he will have finished his report devoted to the problems of inflation and deflation. 1. At this time tomorrow .... 2. By the end of the month
— 3. By the time you call on me ... . 4. By this summer
... . 5. By the end of the year ... .
Xlf. Translate info English:
1. Haiu HOMiHanbHMM npn6yroK 3MJHMTbcsi flo KiHU,si pOKy.
U!hm Ha ASflKi TOBapn Ta nocnym 3pocTyTb ao KiHU,n tmjkhh.
Bmpo6hhu,tbo u,hx TOBapiB 3pocre wa 5 BiflcoTKiB ao kIhlui Micnufl. 4. UiHH Ha cnowMBMi TOBapn He 3MiMHTbca ao KiHu,a po«y. 5. PearibHMM npn6yTOK KOMnaHfi'36inbujnTbCB Ha 10 rib,-coTKiB no kjhi;h 6ioft>KeTHoro poKy.
XIII. Communicative situations:
Can you identify any groups of who are particularly helped or hurt by inflation? Explain.
Does an increase in the price level automatically lower society's real income? Explain.
Would it be advantageous to borrow money if you expected prices to rise? Why, or why not? Provide a numerical example.
Lesson 17 NATIONAL-INCOME ACCOUNTING
I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
nation a I-income accounting — o6nin naujoHanbHoro a°*o-
Ay
e.g. National-income accounting is the measurement of aggregate economic activity, particularly national income and its components.
gross national product (GNP) — Banosufi Hau,ioHartbHMfi npo-AyKi (BHH)
e.g. Gross national product (GNP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a given time period.
106
GNP per capita — BanoBiiii HaujoHanbHMM npoAyxr y po3-paxyHKy Ha Aywy HaceneHHs
e.g. GNP per capita is total population: average GNP.
intermediate goods — npoMimHMM npoAyxr
e.g. We must focus on the value of final goods and services and exclude intermediate goods from our calculation.
nominal GNP — HOMiHanbHMM BanoBwfi Hau,ioHaribnnM npo-
AyKT
e.g. Nominal GNP is the value of final output measured in that year's prices.
real GNP — peam>HMH eanoBwii HanionanbHWM npoAyKT
e.g. When we calculate real GNP, we value goods and services at constant prices.
inflation — iH<Јnsiu,ifi
e.g. Inflation is an increase in the average level of goods
and services.
production possibilities — MO»<nHBocTi Bnpo6Hnu,TBa
e.g. Production possibilities are the alternative combinations of final goods and services that could be produced in a given time period with all available resources and technology.
depreciation — aMOpTM3au,ifl
e.g. Depreciation is the consumption of capital in the production process; the wearing out of plant and equipment.
net national product (NNP) — ■hmcthm nau,ioHanbHHM npoAyKT
e.g. NNP is the amount of output we could consume without reducing our stock of capital.
gross investment — eanoBi KaniTanoBKnaASHHa
e.g. Gross investment is positive as long as some new plants and equipment is being produced.
net investment — HMcri iHBecTnu.fi'
e.g. Whenever gross investment exceeds depreciation, net investment is positive.
exports — eKcnopTOBani TOBapn
e.g. Exports are goods and services sold to foreign buyers.
imports — iMnopTOBaHi TOBapn
e.g. Imports are goods and services purchased from foreign countries.