- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Inform the group about your activities and find out if he or she does the same:
- •XI. Express doubt concerning the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Ask about the following as in the model:
- •XIII. Translate info English:
- •XIV. Communicative situations:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •I. Read and memorize following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite Tense in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Read and change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and words-combinations:
- •X. Refer the following statements to the past:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •Vei. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Express the following in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Ask questions to the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Inform the group about the future activites or states:
- •XI. Ask for confirmations of the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XI. Translate the verbs in brackets in English using them in the necessary tense-form:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and) translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using Hie following expressions:
- •X. Put questions to the italicized words:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the fallowing words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Passive Voice according to the model:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Past Continuous Tense:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/iaf-quesfions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the following sentences from direct into indirect speech:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Future Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Transform the negative form of the Present Continuous Tense into the affirmative form of the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XI. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/rere-questions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change from direct into indirect speech:
- •XI. Ask questions as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill In the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Make up one complex sentence according to the mo del:
- •XI. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XII. Translate info English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word' combinations and word-groups:
- •IV. Read and translate the text;
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII, Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XI. Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Complete the following sentences as in the model using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situation:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the verbs in the principle clause into the Past Indefinite Tense and make all the necessary changes in the subordinate clause:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Answer the following questions as in the models:
- •Xl Change the following sentences using the Present Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Conditional Mood:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-qroups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •Xl Paraphrase the sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using Subjunctive I:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Paraphrase the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Paraphrase the sentences using Subjunctive II as in the model:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read) and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Replace the attributive clauses by the Infinitive:
- •XI. Make sentences with seem and appear according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up youp own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the following terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences into simple ones using the Subjective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using participle phrases instead of the subordinate clauses:
- •XI. Translate into English using Participle I, Participle II where it is necessary:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Absolute Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change these sentences according to the models:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate info English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change the following sentences according to the models:
- •Vocabulary
IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
equilibrium in the labor market to increase
to decline full employment
to be accompanied unemployment
purchasing power nominal wages recession
X. Replace the attributive clauses by the Infinitive:
Model: This is the real wage which must be paid to workers per hour, week, or month of work. This is the real wage to be paid to workers per hour, week or month of work. 1. These are macroeconomic fluctuations which will be examined by experts. 2. The question of full employment which will be discussed later is rather difficult. 3. This is potential real output which must be determined by the natural resources available to an economy. 4. The data about unemployment which must be obtained are of great importance. 5. This is recession which will be accompanied by declining prices and nominal wages.
XI. Make sentences with seem and appear according to the model:
Model: Are they discussing equilibrium in the labor
market?
They seem to be discussing equilibrium in the
labor market. 1. Does the lack of jobs affect unemployment? It seems .... 2. Have they received their wages? They seem ... .3. Has he lost his job recently? He appears ... . A. Are they discussing the problem of fulP employment? They seem ... . 5. Is he looking for a job now? He appears ... .
XII. Translate into English:
1. Bohm xorinn, iho6Tm A°KfiaAHo po3noBinn npo npo6ne-mm 6e3po6iTTn b 3axiflHnx Kpamax. 2. Lie u,iKaBe nnTamin, axe cnifl o6roBOpHTH Ha 36opax. 3. BiH nepwMM orpMMaB 3apo6h"Hy nnary y «ip_nini 4. Bin noncHitb BaM, bk noBHOto Mipoto bhko-pucTaTM TpyAOBi pecypcw. 5. Bohm xoTinn, mo6 Tm noacwinn pi3HMU,KD Mi>K peanbHOio T3 HOMiHanbHoio 3apo6i-moK> nna-
TOK).
XIII. Communicative situations:
Economists have suggested that the (rictional rate of employment has increased during the past two decades. Why might this have occurred?
Would the costs associated with unemployment be the same for a teenager as for a head of a household?
Do the unemployment statistics treat these two persons differently? Should they?
3. What does the equilibrium in the labor market depend on? Why?
Lesson 26 AGGREGATE DEMAND
I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
aggregate demand — cyKynHwft nonm-
e.g. When price and nominal-wage adjustments are slow, changes in aggregate demand will lead to changes in actual real output.
to employ fully productive resources — nosHicTto bmkopm-CTOByBaTH Bwpo6HMHi pecypCH
e.g. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply are useful concepts only if they help us understand why an economy may not always fully employ its productive resources, have price stability, or grow at an acceptable rate.
individual consumption — FHAMBiflyaribHe cno>KMBaHHfl
e.g. Individual consumption is directly influenced by individual income.
to save income — HaKonniiyBaTM npn6yroK
e.g. Individuals (and economies that are not engaged in international trade) can only do two things with their income: they can consume it or save it.
to smooth consumption — BnpiBHtoBa™ cnoMtiBaHmi
e.g. Aggregate consumption may differ from aggregate real output because individuals want to save in order to smooth consumption relative fo income.
life-cycle consumption behavior — pewMM cnomMBaHHs ynpofiOB>K jKMTTa
164
165
e.g. In part, current consumption will be based on our best estimate of our lifetime income and how long we expect to live. This kind of smoothing behavior is a life-cycle consumption behavior.
saving — 3aoLuaA>Kennji
e.g. Saving allows people to transfer consumption from the present to the future.
investment — iHBecnmfi'
e.g. 11 desired investment exceeds desired saving, firms will find that their inventories are lower than they want them to be.
inventories — o6oporHi cboHflH; (ToeapHo-)MaTepianbHi aanaCH
e.g. If desired aggregate saving exceeds desired aggregate investment, firms will accumulate unwanted inventories.
adjustment — peryjuoBaHHH
e.g. Many different kinds of adjustment might occur. Prices may change. Interest rates may change.
fiscal policy (activities) — 4>icKanbHa noniTHKa (flinnbMicTb); ct>iHaHcoeo-6tofl>KeTHa noniTHKa
e.g. Government spending, taxes, and subsidies are the fiscal activities of government.
marginal propensity to consume — rpaHMHHa cxunbHicTb
flO CnO>KMB3HH3
e.g. Economists define the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) as the change in consumption per dollar change in income.
capital stock — ochobhhh Kaniran
to offset depreciation — KOMneHcyeaTM 3Heu,JHeHHH
e.g. Investment occurs when real output is used to increase the existing capital stock or offset depreciation.