- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Inform the group about your activities and find out if he or she does the same:
- •XI. Express doubt concerning the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Ask about the following as in the model:
- •XIII. Translate info English:
- •XIV. Communicative situations:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •I. Read and memorize following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite Tense in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Read and change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and words-combinations:
- •X. Refer the following statements to the past:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •Vei. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Express the following in the Passive Voice:
- •XI. Ask questions to the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Inform the group about the future activites or states:
- •XI. Ask for confirmations of the truth of the following statements:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following exp ressions:
- •X. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XI. Translate the verbs in brackets in English using them in the necessary tense-form:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and) translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using Hie following expressions:
- •X. Put questions to the italicized words:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the fallowing words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Passive Voice according to the model:
- •XI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Past Continuous Tense:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/iaf-quesfions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the following sentences from direct into indirect speech:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Future Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Transform the negative form of the Present Continuous Tense into the affirmative form of the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XI. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Ask when and w/rere-questions using the Passive Voice:
- •XII. Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change from direct into indirect speech:
- •XI. Ask questions as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense (the Active Voice):
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill In the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Make up one complex sentence according to the mo del:
- •XI. Make the following sentences passive:
- •XII. Translate info English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word' combinations and word-groups:
- •IV. Read and translate the text;
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII, Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XI. Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Complete the following sentences as in the model using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
- •XI. Ask questions to which the following statements are answers:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situation:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Change the verbs in the principle clause into the Past Indefinite Tense and make all the necessary changes in the subordinate clause:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Answer the following questions as in the models:
- •Xl Change the following sentences using the Present Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood:
- •XII. Translate into English using the Conditional Mood:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-qroups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •Xl Paraphrase the sentences as in the model:
- •XII. Translate into English using Subjunctive I:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •XI. Paraphrase the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Paraphrase the sentences using Subjunctive II as in the model:
- •XI. Complete the following sentences:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read) and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Replace the attributive clauses by the Infinitive:
- •XI. Make sentences with seem and appear according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up youp own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •X. Combine the given two sentences into one using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the following terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences into simple ones using the Subjective Infinitive Complex:
- •XI. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •XII. Translate into English:
- •XIII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following sentences using participle phrases instead of the subordinate clauses:
- •XI. Translate into English using Participle I, Participle II where it is necessary:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •111. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Absolute Participle Complex:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •IX. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •X. Change these sentences according to the models:
- •XII. Communicative situations:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •II. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Fill in the blanks wffh appropriate words:
- •IV. Read and translate the text:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Define the terms:
- •VII. Translate info English:
- •VIII. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •X. Change the following sentences according to the models:
- •Vocabulary
X. Change the following sentences according to the models:
Model A : I insist that he should examine the documents. I insisted on his examining the documents. 1. We insist that government should favor foreign investment. 2. We insist that government should increase current
204
205
investment without reducing current consumption. 3. We insist that the lending agencies should give loans to the LDCs. 4. We insist that the LDCs should rely on the market mechanism to allocate resources. Model B : You should think it over before you give an
answer.
You should think it over before giving an
answer. 1. You should visit the country before you analyze its economic situation. 2. You should make an appointment before you see him. 3. You should think the offer over before you accept it. 4. You should inform the manager of the hotel before you leave.
XI. Complete these sentenses using Gerunds:
1. He is busy (to look through documents). 2. I am fond of (to travel by air). 3. She is afraid of {to be alone). 4. We are sorry for (to be late). 5. They couldn't help (to smile). 6. It is a pleasure (to see you again).
XII. Translate into English using Gerunds:
1. Bin 3axonntoBaBCfi HmaHHsiM npnroflHMU^KMX khh>kok. 2. Mn Hanonnrann Ha noBTopeHHi floc/iifly. 3. Mh 3afinsm: o6roBopioeMO wjiaxn eKOHOMiiHoro po3BMTity. 4. ripo6aHTe, tu,o mm Typ6yeMo Bac 3HOBy. 5. Bohm He Morrw we noroflMTM-
CS 3 HUM.
XIII. Communicative situations:
Identify an LDC and discuss its recent growth experience.
Speak about external financing.
Speak about debt servicing and debt crisis.
Vocabulary
A
accept [ak'sept] npniiMaTw; BM3HaBaTw; aKuemyBaTM
account [s'kaunt] paxyHOK
account for [s'kaunt fa:] noacHioBaTH; 3BiTyBaTn(ca), necTM BiflnoBi-
flanbHicTt accountant [s'kauntanl] 6yxrajnep accounting [s'kauntiril 6yxranrepcbKiifi o6nin adaptation [.Eedasp'teijn] npHC-rocyBaHHH add [;ed] AOflasarM; npHeflMyea™
adopt methods [a'dopt 'me0adz] nepefiMa-rw MeTofln (MeroflMKy) advantage [ad'vamtidj] nepeBara
advertise ['^dvataiz] po3MimyBaiii oronouieHHH, peKnaMyBa-rn agency ['eid3ansi] hmhhhk, 3aci6 (bmkoh3hh«i); arenTCTBo; opraH,
6iopo; npeflCT3BHMHTBO aggregate ['agngit] cyKynHwii, 3i6paHnii b oah6 ujne aggregate demand ['asgngil 'dr'mcrnd] cyKynhnii nonin aggregate income ['segngit 'inkam] cyKynmiM npn6yroK aggregate output ['agngit 'autput] 3aranbHnJi o6cnr BMpofimmTBa aggregate price level ['zegngit prais 'lev]] 3aranbHnfi pieenb u,iH aggregate spending t/Eegngii 'spendirj] cyKymi BHTpam aggregate supply ['tegngit sa'plai] cynynHa npono3wu,ifi allocate ['jeiakeit] po3Mitu,yBaTn; BiiflijisTn; acnmyBaTH allocation [,ada'keij"n] po3MiLu,eHHH, po3noain; aciirHyaaHHa, eia-
paxyaaHHo; BMflineHHa (Ae<pinnTHHX a6o <Pohaobhx pecypcie);
KnacMcfjiKaititt amount [a'maunl] Kim»KicTb; c/Ma; niflcyMOK, ocHOBHa cyMa i BiflcoTKii
3 Hei amount of money la'maunt av 'mAniJ cyMa, KinbHicTb rpoiueii annual ['senjual) pi^Hnii '
applicant ['Eephkant] sasiBHiiK; kshaman «a nocaay '
applicant for credit ['aeplikant fo; 'kredit] oco6a, uj.o 3BepTaetbcn
3a KpeAMTOM
applicant tor shares ['seplrksnt fo: 7ESZ] ocoCa, mo 6awae Kyim™
aKL|M
apply for [s'plai h-] noflaBam 3a<ray
appreciation [a,pn:JYeiJ"n] 3pocTaHHa Bap-roc-ri, np«picT BapTocTi ocHoBHoro Kaniiany
207
approach [a'proutj"] Meron, niAxiA
appropriate [a'proupnit] BiAnoaiAHMw, npMAaTHMfi; anacTHBHw
assets ['assets] amns* {SanaHcy)
assistance [a'sistans) aonoMora, cnpnnHH(i; nifltpHMHa
adjustment [s'djAStmsnt] assistance BH3HaseHa AonoMora
assume [a'sjiKm] 6pam (wa ce6e); ewMBa™ (33x0,41*)
attend [a'lend] BiABiAysaTM
attract a large amount of capital [a'trtekt a la:d3 a'maunt av 'kjepitl]
sanyiain Be/iHKMM Kaniran attract customers ['atraekt 'kAStamaz] 3anynaTM noKyn^B attract financial resources [a'traskt fai'nasnfal n'sasizj 3any4aTM
cfiiHaHCOBi pecypCM auction ['^kjn] ayKuioH authority [o:'6onti] opraH anaA", aAMiHicTpaum; npaeo, nOBHoaa-
MeHHn, enaAa nocaAOBoT oco6m; aBTopirreT (BH3na<iHnH cne-
ujaniCT) available [a'veilabl] npHflarHMM, kopmcmmm; mo e b po3nopnflweHHi,
HasBHwS; Aociyntiwii
B
backgtound ['baskgraund] niATOToBKa, ocBiTa; KeankpiKauifi; mo
balance sheet ['ba>bns Jut] 6anaHC0Bnfi jbit
bank services [bsenk 'sa^visizj 6aHKJBCbi<i nocnyrw
banking ['baerikitj] 6aHKiacbKa cnpaBa
barter ['ba:ta] MiHoaa ToprJBnn, 6apTep
be on commission [bi: on ka'mi/n] OAepwyeaiH KOMicifiHi 3 ropriBni
benefit ['benifit] n KopwcTb; Biirofla; neHcia; AonoMora; v flaaaTH
npn6yroK; OTpMMysaTM KopHCTb bidder ['bids] yqacHMK ayKuioHy
board of directors [by.6 av di'rektaz] paAa AxpeKTopis bond [bond] o6nirau,m; 6oproee 3o6oB'tt3aHHH book-keeper ['buk,ki:pa] o6niKOBeiy>; 6yxrarrrep borrow f'borou] n03wiaTn brand name [brsend neim] roproBa Map«a business ['biznis] cnpaBa; niflnpweMCTBo; ninnpMeMHKUTBo; Toproaa
onepaqia; Ainoei Kona buyer [T>aia] noKyneyb by-laws ['bai vxz\ cTaTyr, npaanna BHyTpiiuHboro po3nopHAKy (tup
npnMM3ioTbcsi npaBniHHUM tpipMH)
c
calculate ['kaslkjuleit] o6HncnK>saTn, niApaxoByaa™; KanbKyntoBaTK carry on a business ['kasn on a 'biznis] BecTM cnpasy, 3 an Main en nifinpneMHHL(bKOH3 flinnbHicrio
cash transfer [ktej" tra;ns'faO AonoMora rptwMH, rpoiuoBMii nepeHa3
catch on [keel/on] cTa™ moahmm
chain [tjein] Mepewa po3Api6wix Mara3nHJB a60 6aKKiBCbKnx dpinin
namvoroBoro niAHOpdAiyBaHHa (aM.) chain movement [tjein 'muivmant] pyx ao o6'eA"aHn<i channels of distribution ['tfsenlz av,distn'bju:J"n] cncTeMa 36yry charge [tjcudj] yina; BiAnoBiflanbHictb
charge prices [tja:d3 'praisiz] npn3HaHa™, BCTanoBnK>Barn u/hh charitable institution ['tjajntabl ,insti'tju:J"n] 6/iaroAifiHa ycraHOBa chart [tja:t] cxeMa
checking account ['tfekirj a'kaunt] ^eKosMfi (hotohhmm) paxyHOK choose the company's officers [tfu:z di 'kAmpaniz 'ofisaz] Bn6npaTH
aAMiHJCTpaTMBHHX SMKOKaBLyB KOMHaHU
circumstance ['sa:katnstans] o6craBMHM
coincident wants [kou'insidant wants] noTpefin, mo 36iraioTbCfi
collusion [ks'lu^n] srosip, TaeMHtw 3roBip
commodity [ka'moditi] npoAyKi; xosap; npeAMeT ymnjny
common stock ['komsn stok] cninbMi a«un
company ['kAinpani] KOMnaHin, TOBapMCTBO (aKu,ioHepHe), cfjipMa,
Kopnopai^in compel [kam'pef] npiiMyiuyBaTii, niAnopnflKOByBaTH compete [kam'pi:t] KOHKypysaTii; 3Mararncfl
competent ['kampitant] KOMneTeHTHMfi, mo 3aAOBonbnae noTpe6H competition [.kampi'tj^n] KOHKypeHnia, KOM«ypeHTHa 6opoTb6a; 3Ma-
raMMs competitive [kam'petitiv] KOHKypyioHMii, KOHKypeHTocnpOMO>KHHfi competitor [kam'petita] «oHKypeHT complicate ['kamplikeit] ycKnaAHioBaTM compound ['kompaund] cKnaAHwfi concern [kan'sa:n] nom;epH, (pipMa, niAnpn€MCTBo; cTpyKtypHMii
niflpo3flin conclude a deal [kan'klu:d a di:l] yKnanaTM yroAy consequence ['konsikwsns] HacniAo* consideration [kan.sida' reij"n] posrnnA, o6MipKyBaHHn; sifliuKOfly-
aaHHa, KOMneHcauin consult a partner [kan'SAlt a 'pa:tna] KOHcynbTyBaTMca 3 napTHepoM consume [ksn'sju:m] cnowMaatH; BkTpaMaTM consumer [kan'sjuima] cnoMMBan Consumer Price Index [kan'sjwma prais 'indeks] noKa3HMK cnowKB-
MOi BapTOCTi
consumption [ksn'SAmpJan] cnowMsaHHsi; BiiTpa4aHHa
control the profit [kan'troul 3i 'prafit] KOHTponioBaTM npn6yTon
controller [kan'troula] ronoaHiifi <pmaHCMCT; peBi3op
conversely ['kon'va:sli] HasnaKK
copyright ['kopirait] aBTopcbKe ppaBo
corporate charter ['kaipant 't/a:ta] KopnopaTMBHMH naTeHT
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corporate stock ['ko:pant stok] aKuioHepHnii Kanrran corporation [,ko:pa'reiJ"n] Kopnopanin; TOBapucTeo
COSt [kOSt] UJHS; BapTiCTt.; BMTpaTK, BHflaTKH
cover costs ['kAva kosts] noKpuBani BHtpa™
credit terms ['kredit ta:mz] KpeAHTHi yMOBH
currency ['kAtensi] BarnoTa, rpowi
current prices I'krtrent 'praisiz] icnyioHi hIhm
curve ['ks:v] KpwBa; rpacpiK, KpecneHHo
customer accounting ['kAStama 9 'kauntin] o6niK noKynu.ia (unieHTiiij
cyclical unemployment ['saiklik(a)l 'Aiiim'pbimant] nHKJiiuHe
6e3po6lTTB
D
dairy ['dean] MonosapHsi; MonoiHa ipepMa; mohohhhm Mara3MH
damage ['diemicfe] 36wtok, uihoas
deal[di:l] yrofla
debt [det] 6opr
debt ceiling [det 'si:lin] MaKCMMajibHMH po3Mip 6opry
debt funding [det 'fAndin] yrBopemoi rpowoaoro tpo«Ay niflnpMCMt
CTBa 3a flonoMOroro Hayitn debt servicing [det 'sa:visio] Bunnara 6opry ra bIacotkjb i
deckle [di'said] BMpiwyBaTM declare personal bankruptcy [dr'kka 'pa:s(a)n(a)l 'bzerjkraptsr] oro-
nocMTH B/iacHe 6aHKpyTCTBO decline [di'klam] v 3MemuyBaTMCn; noripwyBaTkcii; 3aHenaflaTn;
n 3aHenan; 3HM>KenH*i; nafliaHd decrease ['di:kri:s] n 3MeHujeHHn, cKopoHeHHn; v [di:'kri:s] 3MenwyT
B3TM
deduct [di'dAkt] BiApaxoByearM, aiflHiMaTii
default [dr'fo:lt] HennaTiw; HeBKKOHaHHs AoroBopy j
deficit ['defisit] ae<piu,nj >
deficit ceiling ['defisit 'si:hrj] MaKCHManbHMfi po3Mip flecpiuMTy , bafance-of-paymenfs deficit ['baelans av 'peimant 'defisil] AecfiiMifr nnaTiwMoro 6anaHcy ,
deflate [di'fieit] 3HM>KyB3TM u,imm
deflation [di'fleijn] Aedjnsnia
delay [di'lei] 3aTpnMna; BiflKnaaaMHsi
deliver [di'liva] AocTaBnfmi; nocraia™
delivery [di'livan] nocTanaMHa
demand [di'mccnd] nonm
demand-pull inflation iHcpnut^ia, cnpunMHewa nonMTOM
denomination [di,nomi 'neifn] HaMMewyBaHmi, na3aa
department store [di'paitmant sto:] ynisepMar
depreciation [d[,pri:JVeijn] 3He^HiOBaHHn
derived demand [di'raivd di'ma:nd] nonHT Ha 3aco6n awpoSmmTBa
determine [di't3:min] BM3HaHam
disadvantage [.disad'vamtidj] Heflo/ii«
disaster [di'zcusta] nnxo, 6\p.a
discount ['diskauntj 3Hti»<Ka
discount coupon ['drskaunt 'ku:pon] TanoH, hkhh Haaae npaao npH-
fl6aTM TOBap 33 HM3bKHMH U,IHaMM
discount house ['diskaunt haus] MaraswH 3 biahocho HM3bKMMH iyHaMn
Ha Tosap disposable income [dis'pouzabl 'inksm] npn6yTOK, mo e b HanBMocTi distribute profits and losses [dis'tribjut 'profits and 'bsiz]
po3noflinmn npn6yTKn i 36htkm distribution [,distn'bju;J"n] 36yT; po3noflin
distribution operation [,djstn'bju:jn ppa'reijn] onepania 3 po3nofliny dividend ['dividend] A^a'AeHA division of labor [d['vi3n av'leiba] po3noain npau,i do books [du buks] Bee™ 6yxranTepcbKMfi 06/iiK domain [da'mem] BonofliHHn; Tepmopis; rany3b, ccpepa domestic currency [ds'mestik 'kAransi] Micneea BamoTa domestic market [da'mestik 'mcckit] BHyTpiwHifi pwhok drawback ['draibaek] HeAoniK, HeraTHBHMfi 6i«; nepeujKOAa dump [dAinp] 3Bannme durability [,d)uara'bilttij Miu,wicTb
E
earn [a:n] 3apo6nsiw; oTpHwyeaTM npn6yTo«
economics [,i:ka'nomiks] eKOHOMiKa (hasianbha ra HaynoBa rhc-
HMtift'tHa); eKOHOMiiHa Teopid economist [i:'konamist] eKottoMicT economy [ii'konami] eKOHOMiKa, HapoflHe rocnoflapciao, eKOHo-
Mia, 6epejKn«BicTb; eKOHOMwa (»k cipepa 3 Han ha) effect [1'fekt] BruiMB
efficiency fi'fi/ansi] etpeKTMBHicTb; npoflyKTMBHicTb efficient [i'fij"ant] edjeMTiiBHMM, aimobmh; HaanicpiKOBaHMM, yMinwti elastic [j'laestik] enacin4HMH; myjKwfi elasticity [.alss'tisiti] rnyHKicTb; enacTMMHicTb eligible for a loan ['elrdjabi fa a'lourt] niAioAHuiM'1'; npHMMnTHufi atio
n03HKW (To6rO BM3MaHHM TWaTOCnpOMOMHHM)
eliminate [I'limineit] niKBiAyBaTH, 3HnLnyeain
embargo [em'ba:gou] eM6apro
eminent ['eminant] niAHecennii; BHflaTKnii, Bw3Ha<HHMM, sHaMeHHTufi
employee [,emploi'i:] cny>«6oBei;b; po6jthmk
employer [im'plaia] po6oTOAaBeLjt.; HafiMa^
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employment [im'pbimeni] pofioTa (aa hsmaioai); safiHsi-icTb; 3aHMTTn
enable [['neib!] flaeaTM npaeo, womnHBicrb
encourage [in'kAncfe] 3aoxoHysaTn
endowment [in'daumant] BHecoK; BKnaa; Aap, nowepTBa
enhance [in'ho:ns] 36inbujyeaTn; nooimoBaTM
entrepreneur [pntrapra'na:] niflnpiiewem.
entrepreneurship [,antrapra'na:J"ip] niflnpucMCTBo
environment [in'vaiaranmsnt] HaBKorwujHe cepeAOBmue
equilibrium [,i:kwi']ibrom] 36anaHcoBaHicTb, piaHOBara
equipment [I'kwipmant] cnopsiA>KeHna; o6naRHaHMa; TpancnopTKi aa-
co6w equity ['ekwiti] B/iaennM KaniTan establish [is'tebliJ'J 3acHOByBaTn; ecTaHOBniOBaTii evaluate [['vasljuett] om'moBani; BH3HanaTM Bap-ricTb evolve [i'vdIv] po3BHBaTncsi; po3ropTaTncii exceed [ik'sud] nepeBMmyBaTM exchange [iks't/emcfe] o6mjh exchange department [rks't/emcrj di'pa: rim aril] BiAAin o6MiHy sa-
/HOTM
exchange rate [iks'tjernd} reit) BanroTHMfi «ypc
exchange ratio [iks'tjemdj 'rei/iou] uiHOBe BiAHOiueHHs
exclude [iks'khnd] BHKmoiaTi
executive [ig'zekjutiv] KepiaHiiK,- aAMiHicrpaTop; BHKOHaena Bnaaa
expansion [iks'pasnfn] po3wiipenHfi
expectation [.ekspek'teijn] oHwyBaHHH; cnoflieaHHn
expenditure [iks'pendit/a] BMTpaTw; sMflatKH
experience [iks'pianans] aocbja, npaKTMKa
explicit [iks'plisit] neeMMM; tohhhm
export ['ekspait] BwBe3eHHH, eKcnopr
exports ['ekspo:ts] TOBapn, mo BJiB03flTbcn
extending credit [iks'lendir) 'kreditj A°BrocTpoKoewii KpefliiT
external funds [eks'iaml fwidz] 30BHiujHi (ino3eMni) tpoHRH
externality [,eksia:'nЈeliti] 30BHkuHiii ed>eKT (bkohomNhoi A'mnt.-
HOCTl)
F
facilitate [fa'siliteit] noneriuyaaTH; AonoMara™
factors of production ['fektsz av pra'dAkfn] hmhhmkm bmpo6hw-
HTBa fail [feil] 333HaBaTH nops3Kn
fair market [fes 'ma:kit] cnpHsinMBi phhkobi ymobk familiar [fa'milja] 6nn3bKMfi; flo6pe 3HaHOMnii; noiHcpopMOBaHMii family's real income ['femiliz rial 'inkam] peanbHMfi npw6yToK ciM'V fee [fi:] BMHaropofla; ronopap; BHecoK; 36npaHHd
feed the information into the computer [fi:d di ^nfa'meijn 'intu
a kam'pjuiia] bboamth Aawi b KOMn'ioTep fertilizer ['faitdaizs] Ao6pnso file [fail] np«iiHsiTM flna bhkohhhhb (saMOB/renHn) filthy ['filQi] 3a6pyAneHiihi
final authority ['tainl 3;'G3rm] bup/manbHe cnoeo financial condition [fai'naenjal kan'dijo] tpinaHcoawfi ctsh financial statement [fai'iieenfal 'steitmant] cpiHaHcoeMM 3Bir fire ffaia] 3ainbH<tTM 3 po6otw fiscal ['fiskal] iЈicKanbHnii; cpiHaHcoBMii fiscal year ['fiskafja:] c^iHaHcoBUM, 6K>AweTHnii pin flexible exchange rate [fleksabl iks 'tjemdj reit] r«y>iKMfi BantoTHw
Hype fluctuation [,flAktju'eiJn] KonMBaHHti follow a legal procedure ['folou a'li:gat prs'siidja] flOTpMMyaaiHCb
hOpMfliiHHoV npoueAypn forbid [fa'bid] we A03Bonsrrn, 3a6opoH«TM foreign currency ['form 'kArsnsi] ino3eMna BaniOTa foreign exchange market ['form [ks'tjeincrj 'ma:kil] phhok iH03eMHo'i
BanioTH foreign trade balance ['farm treid 'beelans] 6ananc MiwHapoAnoY
Toprisni foreman ['fa;man] MawcTep, npopa6, 6pwaanp foul [faul] CMepA>04nЈi; fipyflHiiii free enterprise system [fri: 'entspraiz 'sistara] cMcreMa ainbHoro
nJAnpiiCMHiiLtTBa friction a I unemployment ['fnkfanl 'aihiji 'plaimant] THMnacoBe
6e3po6iTTH fuel [fjual] nanbHe; naniiso
G
gain [gein] npn6yTOK
get a raise [get a reiz] oTpiMaTM niflBMLLieHHn
give instructions [giv in'slrAkjanz] naaarn incTpyKufi'
go into business ['gou 'intu 'biznis] 3aSM3Twcq 6i3HecoM
go up [gou Ap] 3pocTa™
gold reserves [gould n'zsvz] 3onoTnii 3anac
gold standard [gould 'stsndad] 3onoTHfi ciaHAapT
goods [gudz] Toaap, Tosapw; BaHTaw
gross [grous] Banoenii, cyMapHMfi; 6pyTTO
gross investment [grous in'vestmantj Banosa iHBectnu,i!i
gross national product (GNP) [grous 'nsjanl 'prodakt] BanoB«S
HanioHanbHuS npoAyKt GNP per capita [({31: en pi: pa:'kЈepita] aanoaMM HauioHanbHMfi npo-
AyKT 3 po3paxyHKy Ha Ayiuy HaceneHHd gross pay [grous pel] nnara 3 BiApaxysaHHRM
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H
handle ['hsendl] «epyaaTn; TopryBatM (sm.)
harmful ['harmful] wKiAnuBMH
have voting rights [hsev 'voutirj raits] Mam npaBo ronocy
hire ['haia] HafiMaTM Ha poooTy
hoard [ho:d] 3anacaTiicji; HaitonMHyBaTw
house hold [haus hould] cim'si, AOMawHe rocnooapcTBo
I
implicit [im'pljsit] He BHpaweHwii npHMO, npwxoBaHMM
imply [im'plai] o3HaHain; mstm Ha ysa3i; nepefl6aHaTn
import ['import] iMfiopT, Bse3eHHH
imports ['impels] Toaapn, mo BB03HTbCR
impose [im'pouz] naKnaflaTn; o6KnaflaTk; o6iviaHioBaTW, o6MaHOM
npofiaBaTii; Haa'n3y6aTM impose a duty on goods [im'pouz a'dju:t! on gudz] o6«naAaTM Toea-
pM MI1TOM
impose restriction [im'pouz ns'tnk/n] bboahtw o6MBweHH(i
incentive [in'sentiv] cTHMyn, 3aoxoHeHHd
incinerator [in'sinareita] CMiiTecnariiOBanbHa nii
income ['inkam] npn6yTOK
income statement ['mkam 'steitmsnt] 3eiT npo npn6yroK
incorporate [in'kD:pareit] 06 'e ah ye amen
indirect channels [.mdr'rekt '[Jteiilz] HenpsMa, onocepeAKOBaHa cn-
deMa indirect trade [,indi'rekt treid] HenpffMa TopriBim induce [in'dju:s] cnoHyKaTH; CTHMyntOBam inflation [m'fleijn] iH(f>xismw inflation rate [in'flei/n reit] reMn JH^MismjT inflow ['inflou] npnrviHB (rpotueti) influence ['influans] n Bruins; v an/iMBa™ influence the market ['influans Sa 'ma:kitj Mam enriMB na p«hok infrastructure ['mfra'strAkt/a] iHtJapacTpyKtypa Injury ['inctjan] ywKOA>«eHHfi, ipaBMa in-kind transfer [in'kaind '(rasnsfa:] flonoMora ToaapaMH innovation [.inou'veijn] HOBOBBefleHHu, iHHosaniji innovative [.mou'veitiv] 3p,aTnnH p,o HOBOBBeAenb, rexmnHo npo-
rpeCHBHHM
input ['input] BHiparM
insurance [m'Juarans] crpaxyaaHHa
insure [m'jua] crpaxyBa™
integration [,mti'grei/n] iHTerpauiin; 06'eAHaHHfl
interact [,tntar'aekt] aaaeMOAiflTM
interchangeable [.inta'tjeindsabl] B3aeM03aMiwoBaHMfi
interest ['mirist] lac-ma (nafi); siACOTKOBnfl npn6yToK, c|>iKcoBaHMii
BJACOTOM
intermediary [,inta'mi:djan] nocepeAHHK
intermediate goods [,inta'mi:djat gudz] HaniB<pa6pnKaTn
internal funds [m'ta:nl fAiidz] BHyrpiiuHi koujtm
international market ['mta'naefanl 'mcukit] MiWHapoAHufi phhok
international transaction [^nta'nasranl trsen'zaskjn] MiwnapoAHa
yroAa Inventory ['mvantri] iHBeHiap, MaTepianbHo-awpoSHimi 3anacn invest [m'vest] BKnaAaTH rpouji investment [in'vestmant] «aniTanoBKnafleMH(i irrelevant [['rehvant] HeAopeHHkS; mo He crocye-rben cnpaBK issue stock ['isju; stak] BMnycKarii aKujT Hems ['aitsmz] Toeapn
L
labor resources ['ieiba ri'so:siz] TpyAosi pecypcH
lack of mobility [Isek av mou'biliti] HeflocTaTHn Mo6inb«icTb
law [b:] 3anoH; lopwcnpyAeHLiifi
lawyer ['b:ja] k>pmct; aAeoKa-r; 3aKOHOAaBeu,b
legal advice [']i:gsl ad'vais] topHflHHHa nopafla
level ['lev!] piaenb
levy ['levi] onoAaTKoayeaTM
liabilities [,lai3'bilitiz] nacns (6anancy); 60pm, 3a6oprosaHicTb
limited liabilities ['limit id ,laia'bilitiz] o6Me>«eHa rapwAHiHa bja-
noBiflanbHicTb link [lii)kl n 3b'h3ok, Kinbu,e; v noB'd3yeaTn, 3'eAnyaaTM living standard ['livin'stasndad] npownTKOBMM pieeHb loan [loun] n no3HKa, no3HHKa; v nozvM&tt*, ASaa-m y no3nny long-term investment ['brjtsim m'vestmant] AOBrocTpoHOBdS BKnaA long-term loan ['brjl3:m ioun] A°BrocTpo«oBa no3nna loss-leader item ['bs'liids 'aitamz] Toeapn, hki npoAaioibcn 3a HW3b-
kmmm ninaMM (ujo6 3anyw4Tn noKynuie) losses ['bsiz] 36mi«m lower ['lous] 3Hn>«yBaTn; 3MenujyBaTM
M
machinery [m3'/i:nan] MaiiiMHHe ycTaTKyeaMHd; MamnHii; MexaHi3MM mail-order house ['meil'oida haus] nocnnTopr make a decision [meik a di'si3n] npHiiMaiH piujeHHd make a loan to [meik a loun ts] Haflasarn no3HKy HOMycb
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make a right choice [meik a rait tjbis] 3po6tiTM npaaiinbKMM an6ip manufacture [jnaMiju 'faikljaj n Bnpo6mmTeo; v BMpoSnjiTw, BMro-
TOBflBTM, o6po6nHTH
market J'ma:kit] n pwhok; v npoflasaTu
market prices ['ma:kil 'praisiz] pHHKOBi ujhm
market shortage ['ma:kit 'J^'icfe] fle4)i4HT
marketing ['ma:kitir)] npoflaw; 36yr; MapKerwHr
marketing research ['ma:kjtin n'sa:tj"] bhbh6hhh pMHKy 3&yiy
measurable ['mejarablj bhmcphmm
measure ['me3a] BMMiptoBaTM . .,
measures of economic activity ['mejaz av .irka'namik ak'tiviti] 3a*Qf.
flM eKOHOMiHKOI* flijinbHOCT!
median income ['mi:djan 'mkam] cepeaMiii npn6ytoK
meet one's expences [mi:t waiiz iks'pensiz] 3aflOBOnbHjrrn HwTcb sw-
TpaTM
merchandise ['ma:tj"(a)ndaiz] TOBapw; roprisna
merchant wholesaler ['ma:tT(a)nt 'houl,seda] onroBHM Toproeenb,
OflTOBMK
merger ['ma^a] 06'eflHaHHH {niAnpheMCTs)
microecorromics ['maikrou,i:ka'n amiks ] mikpoeKoHOMiKa
middleman ('midlmEen] nocepeflMWK
mining industry ['maimo 'mdAStn] BHAo6yaHa npoMKcnoaicTb
monetary policy ['niMiitan 'palisij rpoiuoBa noniTwo
money illusion [mAni I'lu^nJ rpowoBa imo3io
mutual funds ['mju:tjual fAiidz] cninbni cpoHAM
N
national income accounting ['nsejanl 'inkam a'kauntin] o6niK nanio-i
wantHoro p,OKOf\y need a lawyer [ni:d a'b:ja] MaTM notpe6y b lopMcri negative income tax [negativ 'inkam tasks] 3weHiueHHfl rpoiuoBoT
AonoMOm negotiable [ni'gou/iabl] o6opothhh
net assets [net 'assets] sapiicTb Manna 3 aiApaxyeaHHOM 3o6oa'fl3aKb net investment [net in'vestmant] wcthm BKnaA net national product (NNP) [net 'njejanl 'prodaktj mmcthm Hauio-
nanbHHM npoay«T net worth [netwa:9] aapricTb MafiHa; BnacHHii itaniTan niflnpneMCiBa new brand [nju: brsend] hob a MapKa (roBspy) nominal income ['nomml 'mkam] HOMtHanbHwii aoxoa nominal GNP ['nnminl tfei: an pi:] HOMinanbHHM eanoBHw HanioHanbHMM
npoflyKT nominal wage ['nominl weidj] HOMiHanbHWM 3apo6iTon normalize ['na:malaiz] HopMani3ysarii note [nout] 6oproea po3n«cKa
o
objective [ab'tfeektiv] M6Ta; 3aaAaMHfl
offer ['ofa] nponoHyBa™
off-even prlcrng [of i:van 'praisin] uina, ia° He A°*oAMTb KpyrnoT
u,ndppn officer {'ofiss] cnywSoaa oco6a; cnyMtSoaeHb; cnyw6oBeub 3 hmc-
na wepiBHOro CKnafly official poverty line [a'fi/1 'povati lam] otpiyifiHa wewa 6iAnocri oil prospecting [oil pros'pekttn] BiiAo6yBaHHsi HacpTH opportunity [ppa'tju:niti] MO«miBJcTb, wane opportunity costs [,apa'tju:mti kosts] sSmtkm npw neBHKop«cTaHHi
anbTepHaTHBHoro Kypcy; orrrtiManbHi BHTpaTw hm a°*<W option ['ap/an] Bn6ip; npaeo 3aMinn outflow fautflou] BiAnnna (rpou/eii) outlet ['autlet] phhok 36yry; roproaenbHa Towa output ['autput] npoayKTMBHicTb; BMnycK npoflyKufi, BwpoSwimTBo outsell [aut'sel] nposaBath 6infeuJ© bia KOHKypeHTiB over-all ['ouvara:!] 3aranb«H>i, nOBHufi own [oun] BonoAitM ownership ['ounajip] enachicTb
P
packaging ['paskactjin] ynaKOBKa
partnership ['pa:lnaj"ip] napTwepcTBo, TOBapncTBo, KOMnaHin
passbook ['pa'sbuk] 6aHKiBCbKa po3paxyHKoea KHM>«Ka, Aeno3MTHa
KHHwwa; oiij,afiHa KHMHtKa patent ['peitant] naieHT ■«
pay tpei] nnawTM
payment ['peimant] BMnnara, onnaTa percentage [pa'sentitfe] biacotok, nponeHT perfect [patektl^yAOCKOHamoeaTM, noniniuyBain; ['pa:fikt] adjroc-
KOHanHM, TOHHM11
perform [pa'fem] BWKOHyBam
peril ['perl'l He6e3neKa; pM3MK
personal assets ['pa;snl 'sesels] npMsarHe MaSno
pervasive [pa:'veisiv] noujHpeHMfi cupiab; tom, mo npoHMKae
pesticides ['pestisaids] necTnu,nAn
piece of advice [pi:s av sd'vais] nopaAa
pillar ['pi I a] onopa
pollution [pa'lu^Jn] 3a6pyAneHHn
portability [,pa:ta'bj|]tr] nopTarnBHicTb
position [pa'zrj"n] craHOBHine; nocaAa
possess [pa'^es] eonoAiTH
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raise the price [reiz 3i prais] niAHiMaTw uiHy
rate [reit] n po3Mip, HopMa; cTaa«a, Kypc, TaKca; u,iMa, onihtna; teMn,
ujBMAKicTt,; nponopnis, BiflcoioK; KoetfiiukHT, noxa3Hwt, CTyrmnt.;
MicyesHM noflaTOK, KOMyHanbHHfi noflaKW; v onoAaTKoayBani;
niflpaxoByeaTw ratio analysis ['reij"i0u a'nselasis] anant3 KoecfiiyicnTia ration ['rEefn] po3noAinflTH; HopMyeaTn; BHAaeaTH rational ['raj/anl] pauioHanbHMM real estate [rial is'teit] HepyxoMe Mafino
real GNP [rial ctji: an pi:] peanbHHM BanoBufi HaiyoHanbHviii npoayKT real income [rial 'inkam] peanbHHM npn6yToK real wage [rial wei(J3] peanbHwii 3apo6iroK reasonable ['riiznabl] noMipKoeaHHS; po3Ba>KnKBKw receipt [n'si:t] rpouiosi HaflxoftweHHn recession [ri'sejn] nafliHHs Bnpo6nni4TBa; 3Hw«(eHHa TeMiriB reciprocal wants [n'siprakal won is J B^acMHi noTpe6n record freka:d] n 3annc; AOKyweHTu, nporoKon; [ri'koid] v 3anwcy-
bbth; peccTpyBaTK .,}
recovery [ri'kAvan] aiAHOBneHHii ,„ w,..
red-tape ['red 'teip] 6iopoKpaTimHa Kamj,ermpcbKa po6oTa reduce [n'dju:sj cKoposyBa-rH; 3MemuyBaTM reimburse [,ri:im'b3:s] BifluJKOfloeyBaTH reinvest ['ri:m'vest] 3HOBy BKnaflaTM
relationship [ri'lei|nfip] bIahochhm, crocyHKH .. i?" >,.
relative ['rebiiv] BiflHocmifi relative price ['relstiv prais] siAHocHa Lima rely (on, upon) [rr'laij noK/iaAaTHcs; floeipaTw rent [rent] n pewa; opeHAHa nnaTa; «BapTnpna nnaTa; v 3AaaaTM
b opeHAy; opeHAyBaTw; AaBaTM HanpoxaT repair shop [ri'pca fop] MawcTepmi
report [n'pa:t] noBiAOMnHTM; aonoeiAaTH -i
reputation [,repju:'teijn] penyTaujn }
request [n'kwest] 3annr; bwkithk, 3atiBKa; noniiT; npoxaHHd resource [n'so:s] pecypcw responsibility [ns,pansa'biliti] BtanoBiAanbHicTb responsible for [ris'psnsabi fa] BiAnoBiflanbHMfi 3a restrict [ns'lnkt] o6MewyBaTM ,j
restriction [ns'tnkjn] o6Mex<eHH(i ■>.<.
resume ['rezju;mei] pe3iOMe; nJAcyMOK; bmckobok Jo
retailer [ri:'teila] po3Api6HMH Toproaeub ;„,
retailing [rir'teilirj] po3Api6nnfi npoaaw return [n'tam] n noBepHeHHa; noBepHewiw roaap; noeepneHi neKH;
npn6yToK; o6ir; 3bjt; noflaTKOBa fleKnapanifi; v noBepxaTM; Aa-
Barw npn6yroK
revenue f'revmju:] npw6yTOK reward [n'woid] saoxoneHHs, BMHaropoAa rivalry ['raivslrt] cynepmiuiTBO, KOHKypemiisi run a risk [tad a risk] pn3iiKyeaTn
s
safeguard ['seifga:d] n rapaHTin; oxopoHa; oxopoime cbIaoutbo;
o6epewHicTb; v rapaHTyBatM, oxopowmi safety deposit box ['seiftr di'pozit boks] cewp an« aeno3Mris, mo
HaAaeTbcs npweaTHUM oco6aM y 6aHKy salary {'sselsn] 3apo6iTHa nnaTa sale [sell] npoAaw; 36yT; Topris/w; roproaentHa yroAa; po3npoAa»<
(3d 3HH>KenMMH LilHSMH), MH. TOBapOo6ir
salesman {'seilzman] npooaBei^b
satisfy ['sEefisfai] aaflOBonbHsnn
savings ['seivirjz] saomaAweHHn; HaKontiHeHHn
savings account ['seivinz a'kaunt] omaRHMM paxywoK 31 BCTanoane-
HHM EiflCOTHOM
scarce (skeas] AettynnTHMii; piflKicMwii; HeAocraTHiS
scarcity ['sktasiti] HeAocTaTHSi KinbKicTb, 6paK (loroct)
schedule ['Jedju:!] po3po6nflTM nnan
security [si'kjuariti] 6e3neKa; HaAifiHicTb; 3axncT; rapaHTia, 3a6e3-
neneHHfl, 3acTaaa; AOBipeHa oco6a, mh. u,inni nanepn security exchange [si'kjuariti ikstjemdj] cjioHAOBa 6ipw3 seller ['sels] npoflaBeub service ['sa:vis] nocnyra; o6cnyroeyBaHHfl service industry ['sa:vis'indastn] niAnpHeMCTea ccpepw o6cnyroay-
BaHHR
set [set] BCTanoaniOBarii
set the price [set oa prais] BH3naHaTn iyny
sewage ['sju^icfe] cTiiHi boam; KaHani3au,i<i ;? =uH .;-
share [/ca] n nacTKa, nafi; v po3nofljnnTii, fvnuTu
shareholder ['jca,houlda] aKuioHep, B/iacHMK atmiX
shift [|ift] n nepeMimeHMfl; nepecTaHOBKa; 3MiHa; (po6osa) 3Mina,
po6oHMH AeHb; v nepeMiinaTM, sMiHjosaTii shopping centre ['Jopirj 'senia] ToprosenbHHH ueHTp shopping guide ['Jopirj gaid] aobiahmk Mara3iiMie short-term loan ['J"3:t'ta:m loun] KopoTKocTpoKOBa no3MKa significant [sig'nifikant] 3HaiHiiM, icTOTHMii; xapaKTepHMii, noKa3HnS;
BiporiAHHii; 3Ha4ymnfi skill [skil] flocBiA society [sa'saiati] cycnintCTBo; opraMi3aui!i; 06'cAHaHHa; acouiaqin;
KOOnepaTHBHMti COKJ3, KOOnepaTMBHe TOBapHCTSO SOle [SOUl] CAHHHM, BHKHlO^HHfi, OAHOOCi6HMM
21S
219
sole proprietorship [soul pra'praiats/ip] oflHooci6He BonofliHwi .•,.■: solution fsa'luijn] BMpiujeHHfi, po3B'a3aHHfi *,.
solve mathematical problems {solv .mteGi'majtika) 'prablamz] p<ss*-j
B'nayBaTw MaTeMain4Hi 3aflani ;/,m
source [sd:s] awepeno span [spasn] iHTepean, nepiofl; TpnBa/«CTb specialize ['spejslaiz] cneuiani3yBaTHcn
split [split] conofiKa CTpaaa s}w
standard of living ['stsendad av 'livirj] piBenb >kmtta state bank [steit basrjk] flepwasHiiii 6ahh; 6am< wTaTy - -,,.
statement ['steitmant] 3bit stepping-stone ['stepirjstoun] 3aci6 a"" AocnrweHHa Me™ (aaji ra»~
mnuieHHH craHoemua) ,.j,
stock [stok] aKL^in
stock-broker ['stok ,brouk9] 6ip*<oewH MaKnep . ,-.t
stock certificate [stok sa'tifikit] aKuia >
stockholder ['stok,houlds] 3K4ioHep, BnacwiK aKitiii ,Sl.
storage ['sto:ndj] 36epiraHHn &
structural unemployment ['strAktfsral 'Amm'pbimant] cTpyKTypHe
6e3po6irra subjective [sab'crjektiv] cy6'eKTHBKnH subsidy ['sAbsidi] cy6cnaifi, aoTam'si
substitute ['sAkbstitjwt] n 3acTyrmnK; 3aMiHa; v 3MiHHDsa™; 3aMimatH' sue [sju;] nopyuiyeaTH KptiMinanbHy cnpaBy supply [sa'plai] n npon03nuiB; 36yr; nocTanaHHfl; v nocTaHa™ surplus ['S3:pl3s] jiwujok; aKTHBHe canbflo switch (swit/] nepexiAr nepeKmoveHHH
take titte to the goods npMfl6arn to Bap hk enacnicTb
take advantage of smth. [teik ad'vainticfj] cKopMCTaiMcd (hmm-ho-
tangible I'tajndjsbl] BWH/THtiii; peanbmiM tariff pEerif] rapwcp tax [tasks] noflaTOK
tax benefits [tseks 'bemflts] ninbrw 3 o6KnaaaHHH noflatKOM toll ['tout] flOflaTKoea ruraTa sa noc;iyrn; mmto total ['toutl] niACyMOByBai-H i.--,jf;> -
total sale ['toutl seilj cy«yriH»iif rtpoaaw track [tra;k] Kypc; keep track floipuMyBatwcsi Kypcy trade [treid] Toprienn; npofpecin; peMecno , . - s ;sr,.,,
trade-in-allowance [treid in s'iausns] cyMa rpoiiieii, noBe^yTa sa crapy piM i BHeceHa b paxyHOK npnfl,6aHHn hoboV ,jcn. - ^
220
trademark ['treidma'k] ToproBa Mapxa
traffic ['trjefik] TopriBna; TpaHcnopr; nepeseseHHH
transaction [trffin'zEekJn] cnpaBa, yroaa, BeAeHHs flinoanx onepautfi;
6aHHiBCbKa onepauin transfer ['tnensfs:] n nepeaa^a {npaea BnacHOCTi); nepexia (rpo-
ujeii); v [tftens'fs:] nepeaaBam; nepeKa3ysaTM transportation costs [,t.rEensp3:'teifn kosts] TpaHcnopiHt BHTpaTM transporting [trJens'pD:tirj] TpaHcnopiyBaHHtt treaty ['iri:ti] floroaip, KonBeW4in; neperosopH trend [trend] TeHAeHu,in; 3aranbna cnpsMoaaHicTb true unemployment [tru: 'Antm'pbimatit] peanbne 6e3po6iTTst
u
ultimate consumer ['aIlimit kan'sju:ma] Kinu,eBMw cnownB3«j
unadequate [An'asdikwit] HeaocTaTHiii, w,o He Bianoaiaae yMOBaw,
uncertainty [An's^tnti] HeBM3Ha4eHicTb; HenesHicTb
undermine [,And3'main] niaptiBaTw, pyitHyBaTii
unemployment ['Amm'pbimant] 6e3po6iTTa
uniformity [,jumi'fo:mit[] HesMiHHicTb, nocWiiHicTb
unit of account {'ju:nit av s'kaunt] oanHMu,!i oSiwcneHHti
unlimited liability [Mi'limitid ,laia'biliti] Heo6Me«ena lopMAHHHa
BianoBiaanbHicTb unreasonable price [Aii'riiznsh! prais] HepossawnHsa qiHa unsound [Mi'saund] 6e3niftCTaBMnii; HenaflifiMHJi user ['ju:z3] cnowtiBa1-! utilities [ju"'ti]]Iiz] niflnpMCMCTea rpOMafiCbKoro KopMCTyBaNHB; KOMy-
HanbHi nocnym
V
valuable {'vaeljuabt] n pi. itiHHocri; koiutobhoctI; adj ujhhmh; tom.
140 Mae rpoiuoBy BapticTb; Ba>KjinBiivi, kopmchmm value ['vaelju:] n eapricTb; niHHicTb; Bantora; po3Mip, 3naHeHH«; saw<-
miaicTb; v oqiMioBaTM value added [vailju: 'asdid] aoflaTKosa eapTicTb vending machine operator ['vendirj ma'j"i:n 'opareita] onepaTop
ToproBenbHux anapaxiB volume ['vDljum] o6cHr; Ki/ibKicrb
w
wage [weidj] 3apo6iTHa nnaTa; <ponp,n 3apo6iTHOi nnaTH warehousing ['wcshauzirj] cKnaaysaHHa (roeapis)
221
warranty ['wDranti] rapaHTia; nopyna
waste [weist] n 6e3KopncHa BMTpaxa, 36mtkm; v BHtpaiaTM Mapw
wastes [weists) biaxoah
wealth [we 10] 6ararcT8o
wear out [wea aut] 3HowyBatMctt
welfare ['welfea] p,o6po6yT; aoctbtok
welfare programme ['weifca 'prougrsem] Ao6pofliMHa nporpaMa
well-being ['wel'binrj] Ao6po6yx
wholesale unit ['houlseil 'ju:nit] 06'eAnaHHH onTOBoi TopriBni
wholesaling ['houlseihg] onToBa TopriBiw
will [wrl] 6a*<aHHn; curia Boni; 3anoaiT
Y
yield fji:1d] npw6yTOK
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION |
5 |
|
Lesson 1. |
What is Economics! |
7 |
Lesson 2. |
The American Economic System |
13 |
Lesson 3. |
Supply, Demand and Market Prices |
20 |
Lesson 4. |
The Consumer in Our Economy |
26 |
Lesson 5. |
Launching a Business |
3d |
Lesson 6. |
Financing a Business |
43 |
Lesson 7. |
Production and Marketing. The Business of Business |
49 |
Lesson 8. |
How Firms Compete |
55 |
Lesson 9. |
Money |
60 |
Lesson 10. |
Economic Stability |
65 |
Lesson 11. |
The Global Economy |
71 |
Lesson 12. |
Other Economic Systems |
78 |
Lesson 13. |
Some Current Economic Problems |
83 |
Lesson 14. |
The Economy |
89 |
Lesson 15. |
Aggregate Spending j |
95 |
Lesson 16. |
Inflation |
100 |
Lesson 17. |
National-Income Accounting |
106 |
Lesson 18. |
Costly Transactions |
113 |
Lesson 19. |
Measuring Economic Activity |
119 |
Lesson 20. |
Exchange and Specialization |
126 |
Lesson 21. |
Public Goods, Information and Uncertainty |
132 |
Lesson 22. |
Markets |
139 |
Lesson 23. |
International Markets for Commodities and Currencies |
146 |
Lesson 24. |
Economic Fairness and the Distribution of Economic |
|
|
Rewards |
153 |
Lesson 25. |
Aggregate Supply |
159 |
Lesson 26. |
Aggregate Demand |
165 |
Lesson 27. |
Further Constraints on Stabilization Policy |
172 |
Lesson 28. |
The National Debt |
178 |
Lesson 29. |
Financial Markets |
183 |
Lesson 30. |
International Finance |
189 |
Lesson 31. |
International Trade |
195 |
Lesson 32. |
International Development |
201 |
VOCABULARY
207