Ibm's decision to found computer compatibility system for the solution of its own problems

In the beginning of 60's decade IBM had decided to find completely compatible system to address the issues regarding the transfer of files, sharing of vital data between computers or compatibility between computers and accessories. Until that time to purchase a computer meant you no longer could use the data in your previous computer simply by transferring them to your present one and this was the precise reason why the computer hardware industry could not become public. When the problem became acute in many respects, IBM decided to work on the issue and gradually developed IBM/360 as the new computer range that was completely compatible with one another.

Citi Bank decided to launch Automated Tailor Machine

In 1975, the founder of Citi Bank, Walter Wriston decided to introduce new technology in the banking. When Citi bank came up with the automated system as the alternative tailor counter the idea was absolutely new. In 1978 when the whole New York City was walloped with more than two feet of snow, Citi Bank ran an advertisement showing the citizen walking towards the nearest Citi bank ATM for their banking needs and the catch phrase 'Citi Never Sleeps' spread the reputation of the bank along with its new technology in banking, ATM machine.

AT&T's decision to invest in research and development of the long distance communication as a focus area

AT&T decided to shrug off its local telephony business and mainly focus on the evolving technology of long distance communication and computer applications. The picture was still not clear to the global audience regarding the fate of the huge investment that the company was pouring in the research and development of the technology. Now in the modern era of technological innovations and dependence we can understand the value of that decision in finding the greatest technology for the most advanced level development in the communication field.

Julius Reuter's decision to introduce latest technology in information flow and sending

In 1850's Julius Reuter famously used to use the service of doves for sending the financial information between Belgium and Germany. In the following years, he became one of the very few initiators to introduce latest technology in the passing of information, the first instance of which is the news wire service that completely revolutionized the news business.

Translation

Translate the sentences focusing on the underlined terms.

Value

1. The value of a business depends on its future not its past, but some managers base key decisions on backwards-looking metrics or models that have been shown to be inappropriate in many situations.

2. Economics shows that an organization's financial success over time depends primarily on how well they manage two factors: perceived value – the value that a customer perceives they receive and the costs of providing that value to the customer. 

3. Customer value and costs are kept in balance by focusing on the difference between the perceived value to customers and the costs of providing that value. 

4. To find metrics and models that can guide a manager in maximizing the value of any business, one needs to consider the main drivers of long-run business success.

5. Zappos, the internet retailer, succeeds with very high customer value added - they provide high value to their customers, such as free and fast shipping and a liberal return policy. 

Collaboration

1. The literature suggests that effective collaboration among globally distributed employees, customers, and business partners would be instrumental in creating value for organizations.

2. Collaboration has been an important aspect of virtual online multiplayer games, where interactions are structured in a way that encourages players to work with other online players to achieve common goals.

3. Managerial-level organizational decisions often depend on employees' perceptions about the introduction of new collaboration tools.

4. There is supposed to be collaborations among the managers and the other members in these departments, sections and/or units so that organizational objectives could be achieved successfully.

5. Small and medium-sized businesses increasingly want to tap the same kinds of advanced collaboration tools and capabilities as large enterprises, but often are restrained by limited resources and a lack of in-house IT expertise. 

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