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II. Answer the questions.

1. How can the tern “legal personality” be defined?

2. Why is legal personality controversial concept?

3. What are the concepts of personality in international law?

4. What is the difference between legal personality and international personality (if any)?

5. What is the first (second, third, fourth, fifth) position concerning the concept of personality?

III. Complete the following sentences using the required information from the text above.

1. The individualistic position states a presumption for the individual as an international ___________ in the field of so-called ___________ norms of international law.

2. Being an international person in principle ___________ certain ____________ international rights, duties and capacities analogous to those of states.

3. International personality becomes a ___________ concept: every entity is an international person that according to ___________ principles of _____________ is the addressee of the norms of international law.

4. Problem arises in the context of international human rights law when it is asserted that __________ actually are the holders of international rights without being international __________.

5. Two peculiarities distinguish ______________ in international law from that in _____________ law.

IV. Define if the following sentences are true or false. Use the required information from the text above and correct the false statements.

1. International personality denotes the quality of having rights and duties, certain capacities under the law, but that it also includes the competence to create the law.

2. International personality may be associated with law-creation.

3. Only states have universal international personality.

4. Individuals can be international persons without holding international rights.

5. Case law and practice cannot be taken into account in the debate on international personality, but their interpretation is strongly related to differing theoretical positions.

V. Read the text. The state12

International society is constantly changing. New actors appear and disappear. Polities break apart, and new entities are created. Intergovernmental organizations grow in number to deal with emerging transnational Issues. Other nonstate actors proliferate and continue to alter the international landscape. Even so, states remain the preeminent actors in contemporary international relations. As the touchstone for formulating and implementing legal rules, the state enjoys being the entity longest contemplated as a person in international law and is still widely viewed as the most important legal actor. Quite accurately, "the law of nations" today essentially remains the law for the states.

States are organic creatures: they are born, they live, and they die. But states are also anthropomorphic creations. They are founded and fashioned by humans, used by humans for their own social and political purposes, and ended by humans. Modem international law adapts to the progressive existence of states by establishing rules that condition the creation, existence, and death of statehood. This is not to say that international rules deal comprehensively with the origins, existence, or maturity of states, for they do not. It is impractical to set rigid rules that determine the lawfulness of an independent political community's existence. The state, which remains a historical and geopolitical reality, functions more as the creator of law than as a creature of law. On a general level it is possible to determine the rules that govern formal acknowledgment by the international community that an entity qualifies for admission into the interstate society. Most salient among these legal rules are the essential characteristics usually accepted for defining a state—namely, an entity's occupying a clearly defined territory; possessing a permanent population; operating an effective governmental capacity, internally and externally; and having the capacity to engage in international relations, including the ability to fulfill international legal obligations. […]

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