VIII. Read the text. The individual14
The status of the individual, be that person a head of state or a common peasant, has risen appreciably in modem international law. While the Statute of the International Court of Justice recognizes only states as parties to international legal agreements, the UN Charter and other international instruments clearly indicate that individuals are now accorded a prominent position as subjects, rather than as objects, of international legal rules. In this regard, a state's rights of independence and territorial supremacy provide for rights over internal affairs and external freedoms from outside interference. Governments retain supreme authority over all persons and private property within their territory. The state decides who its citizens are, who may enter its territory, and the conditions under which its aliens may reside or work. Yet, the rights of territorial supremacy and political independence are not absolute, as they have become subject to limitations imposed by international law on how governments treat their nationals. This is reflected in the contemporary legal rules regarding the nationality of individuals, the treatment of aliens, extradition law, and rules for asylum. Most emphatically, restrictions on state actions are now realized in the infusion of human rights protections and rules for international criminal jurisdiction that have rapidly evolved during the past three decades. All these concerns, however, are enmeshed in questions of state jurisdiction and how that authority squares with basic principles of state sovereignty, the equality of states, and noninterference in domestic affairs.
Language focus
I. Study the use of the phrases with “subject”
SUBJECT
- subject of controversy (dispute)
-to subject to consideration
- subject of law
- subject of inquiry
-legal subject
-foreign subject
-natural-born subject
- subject of case
- subject-matter
II. Translate into English
Іноземний підданий, предмет розслідування, із застереженнями, предмет судового спору (2), підданий за народженням, суб’єкт права (2).
III. Study the use of the phrases with “state” and translate the sentences given below into Ukrainian:
sovereign state — суверенна держава;
The limits of the sovereign state: Strategies of Crime Control in Contemporary Society;
member state — держава - член (будь-якої організації);
A member state of the European Union is a state that is party to treaties of the European Union (EU) and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of EU membership;
to establish / found / set up a state — створити державу;
In the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the State of Palestine is described as being established on the “Palestinian territory”, without explicitly specifying further;
to govern / rule a state — керувати державою;
Who was the only governor to govern two different US states? (Robert Lucas was Governor of Ohio from 1832-1836 and Governor of the Iowa Territory from 1838-1841);
puppet state — маріонетна держава;
Puppet governments are usually kept in power by military force provided by an occupying country;
welfare state — “держава всезагального добробуту” (з системою соціального забезпечення, безкоштовним навчанням);
A welfare state is a "concept of government in which the state plays key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens;
state of affairs – загальний стан речей у державі у конкретний проміжок часу;
“Wondered how such a state of affairs had come about” - Franklin D. Roosevelt;
renegade state, rogue nation, rogue state – держава, що не поважає зовнішню політику інших держав;
The concept of “rogue state” plays a pre-eminent role today in policy planning and analysis;
city state – держава, що складається з одного суверенного міста;
A city-state is an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government.
client state- залежна держава, сателіт;
“Each superpower continues to arm its client states” (C.L. Sulzberger).