8. A) Can you give a definition of tourism and list the 3 basic forms of tourism and then by combining them list categories of tourism? Read the following text and find out whether you are right:

Tourism is travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act. According to the World Tourism Organization, tourists are people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".

Tourism has become an extremely popular, global activity. In 2004, there were over 763 million international tourist arrivals.

As a service industry, tourism has numerous tangible and intangible elements. Major tangible elements include transportation, accommodation, and other components of a hospitality industry. Major intangible elements relate to the purpose or motivation for becoming a tourist, such as rest, relaxation, the opportunity to meet new people and experience other cultures, or simply to do something different and have an adventure.

Tourism is vital for many countries, due to the income generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry, and the opportunity for employment and economic advancement by working in the industry. For these reasons, NGOs and government agencies may sometimes promote a specific region as a tourist destination, and support the development of a tourism industry in that area. The contemporary phenomenon of mass tourism may sometimes result in overdevelopment; alternative forms of tourism such as ecotourism seek to avoid such outcomes by pursuing tourism in a sustainable way.

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.

One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist in 1910, who defined it as, "bob total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."

Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."

In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."

In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.

United Nations classified 3 forms of tourism in 1994 in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics as follows:

• Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country;

• Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country;

• Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

UN also derived different categories of tourism by combining the 3 basic forms of tourism:

• Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism;

• National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism;

• International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism.

Intrabound tourism is a term coined by the Korea Tourism Organization and widely accepted in Korea. Intrabound tourism differs from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policy-making and implementation of national tourism policies.

Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the promotion of intrabound tourism because many countries are experiencing tough competition for inbound tourists. Some national policymakers have shifted their priority to the promotion of intrabound tourism to contribute to the local economy.

Examples of such campaigns include "See America" in the United States, "Get Going Canada" in Canada, and "Guseok Guseok" (corner to corner) in South Korea.

Before people are able to experience tourism they usually need at least:

• disposable income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials

• leisure time

• tourism infrastructure, such as transport and accommodation

Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of course the inclination to travel. Furthermore, in some countries there are legal restrictions on travelling, especially abroad. Certain states with strong governmental control over the lives of citizens (notably established Communist states) may restrict foreign travel only to trustworthy citizens. The United States prohibits its citizens from traveling to some countries, for example Cuba.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What is tourism?

2. What do major tangible elements include?

3. When was one of the earliest definitions of tourism provided?

4. Did United Nations classify 3 forms of tourism in 1994?

5. Is there any difference between intrabound and domestic tourism? What do people need before they are able to experience tourism?

2. Work in small groups, find sentences which contain the words of exercise 3, translate them without using a dictionary. Compare your work with that of your partner.

3. Translate the first abstract of the text in written form, entitle it. Choose the best translator.

4. Put each of the sentences together and translate them:

1. Tourism ……………………..	a. and intangible elements.
2. Tourism has become …………	b. transportation, accommodation, and other components of a hospitality industry.
3. As a service industry, tourism has numerous tangible ………..	c. is travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act.
4. Major tangible elements include ………………………	d. an extremely popular, global activity.
5. The terms tourism and travel …	e. "bob total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."
6. One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist in 1910, who defined it as, …………………	f. national tourism policies.
7. Intrabound tourism differs from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policy-making and implementation of ….	g. are sometimes used interchangeably.