5. Match the words and their definitions:

1. tumultuous career	a. языковое родство
2. average annual income	b. в ответ на ощутимую угрозу международного терроризма
3. linguistic affinity	c. карьера, богатая событиями
4. in response to the perceived threat of international terrorism	d. горячий, шумный приём
5. breach of decency	e. среднегодовой доход
6. tumultuous reception	f. нарушение приличий

6. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Объемы международных контактов, связывающих Россию с зарубежными странами, постоянно растут, отчего приоритетом развития гостиничного бизнеса в России считается строительство комфортабельных, удобно расположенных конгресс отелей (как правило, категорий 4* и выше).

2. Примерно половина всех зарубежных гостей столицы приходится на приехавших с деловыми целями.

3. В России проводится не только множество крупных международных выставок, посвященных различным отраслям экономики и сферам производства, но и научные конференции и ярмарки для самого широкого круга посетителей.

4. Особенностью бизнес-туризма является то, что бизнесмены оставляют в стране гораздо больше денег, чем среднестатистические туристы.

5. Лидером турбизнеса в ближайшие годы Россия станет едва ли, но место в первой десятке для нее вполне реально.

6. Доля инсентив-туризма (incentive tourism) – поощрительные поездки в награду за успехи в работе - ничтожная, хотя и постоянно растет.

7. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The incoming tourist market in Russia was stagnant in 2005 mainly because of a lack of a network of high-quality and middle-class hotels, as well as of other key infrastructures, in the country.

2. Tour operators offered a new service in the country: trips on credit. Consumer credit has fuelled tourism demand. Expansion of credit in the economy is also encouraging the development of small travel and tourism companies.

3. Domestic tourism has been developing rapidly. Although tourism represents a small portion of the Russian economy as a whole, it became a strong generator for growth for some regional economies.

4. Many large tourist companies strive for increasing their capitalisation on their own or with the help of foreign investors, which is considered necessary in order to boost their business activities.

5. It has been announced that tourist enterprises in some regions might be exempted from some taxes. If this measure is adopted it will be an important tool to stimulate tourism development in the country.

6. Russia is considered able to generate substantial income from tourism in the long term, provided that the problems concerning the lack of the necessary infrastructures will be resolved. A catalyst is needed to encourage the cooperation between the tourism industry players and the Russian government in order to create the conditions necessary to realise the industry's promise.

8. a) Can you guess what peculiarities of Russian tourism development will be mentioned in the following text? Read the text and find out whether you are right:

   Peculiarities of Russian tourism development

The aspiration to "enlargement of horizon" was initially peculiar to inhabitants of Russia. "The desire to change places" as a feature of Russian national character was inherent to representatives of different layers of the society.

Because of prevalence of agricultural population over Russia there were no conditions for development of mass cognitive tourism for a long time. Practically, the only kind of travel was pilgrimage. Only since Peter's I time it is possible to speak about formation of the all-European traditions of traveling in Russia. It is considered that Peter I, visiting mineral sources of Spa in Belgium for medical treatment, became the first Russian health-resort visitor.

During the reign of Catherine the Great each nobleman had the right to go abroad and return at any time.

From the beginning of XIX century travels abroad became the usual form of leisure for aristocracy. At this time Russian cultural tradition of traveling responded to all leading ideological currents of Europe. Close communications with Germany (because of geographical affinity and traditions) were characteristic. Many figures of Russian culture studied at German universities. Dynastic communication of Russian imperial family with German ruling houses played the great role in tourist preferences of aristocracy.

Trip abroad was perceived, first of all, by noble youth as a way to escape class norms and decencies. It was not simple to go abroad at that time. One of memoirists wrote: "Passport for travel abroad costs 500 roubles in silver, it was permitted to go abroad only on business or with the purpose of medical treatment, and in the first case the guarantee of trading firms in reliability of the traveler is required."

To go traveling was possible only under the special sanction of the Emperor, i.e. travel became a symbol of freedom. The German inn-keeper from frontier city noticed, that Russians leaving Russia, are happy "as schoolboys sent on vacation, and coming back they are sad as people who had a misfortune".

From the beginning of Alexander II reign, it became much easier to go abroad, and resort tourism ceased to be the privilege of aristocracy. Travels abroad were included in leisure of the educated and solvent public.

On the whole, scale of international tourism in Russia was significant. At the end of XIX - the beginning of XX century Russians rested on the French sea resorts. The prices were quite accessible to the average-income person at that time. Similarly to present times a rest abroad was sometimes even cheaper than in Yalta. Local tourist business was guided by Russian tourists. In Nice a newspaper in Russian was issued.

Trips abroad were more common and comfortable than travels over Russia. In Russia the first tourist organization appeared in St. Petersburg in 1885. It was "Enterprise for Public Travels to All World Countries" which acquainted compatriots with European countries. It had commercial character and was engaged in the organization of collective trips abroad, construction of hotels for tourists.

The most mass tourist organization in pre-revolutionary Russia became Russian Touring-Club in St. Petersburg, based in 1895 and later transformed into the Russian Society of Tourists. The organization was a member of the international tourist league and united about 5 thousand persons. Magazine "Russian tourist" was issued.

After first Russian revolution, the period of relatively political stability and economic growth came to the country. The public organizations engaged in socially focused tourism appeared.

After 1917 tourism and excursion activity in the country developed, but its submission to the purposes and problems of the state became a characteristic feature of Russian tourism. By the end of 80th years the distributive system of trips abroad (at which people did not have free choice) operated.

The opportunity (which has appeared the last years) of free choice of route forms culture of mass tourism, which assumes tourism on purposes, functions and motives, for majority of the European countries. The increasing number of people gets an opportunity to choose travel route according to their taste. Influence of tourism on people, economics and environment has got such scale that it is possible to speak about tourist revolution.

Russia has successfully shed its Soviet legacy of regulating foreign visitors. Accessibility has become the new catch-phrase for the Russian tourism sector. Apart from the more conventional forms of group and individual travel, adventure tourism is rapidly growing and trekking, mountaineering, canoeing, and potholing groups among others can be contacted through travel agencies.

Looking at it on the map, Russia's size is undoubtedly intimidating to the unfamiliar eye. It passes through several environmental bands from North to South and several time zones from East to West. But these parameters are riddled with diversity and a first-time visitor will be amazed at the seemingly endless possibilities to explore this country and the desire to return.

The East/West contrast will perhaps be the first impression for Western visitors. So-called "European Russia" (from the borders with the Baltic republics to the Ural Mountains) will be semi-reminiscent of European countries through its people, culture, architecture and general atmosphere. Nonetheless, one will immediately notice the contrast between the Asiatic excitement of hectic, narrow streets of Moscow and the reassuringly organised stately architecture of more European St. Petersburg. For a foreigner, these contrasts can be met the length and breadth of Russia and they provide the basis on which to enjoy even the most simple activities during one's tour: an overnight train journey, dinner in a restaurant, a night at the Mariinsky Theatre, a visit to an art gallery or monastery, a dip in a fresh, cool lake on a hot summers day, a night sky on the exotic Black Sea coast.

Tourism in Russia has been growing rapidly in the years following the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991. Most of the tourism is centered on the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, since these cities are the sites of some of the most famous attractions of Russia, such as the Red Square, St. Basil's Cathedral, and the Kremlin in Moscow, and the Peter and Paul Cathedral, the State Hermitage Museum, and the Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg, which recently celebrated the tercentennial of its founding in 2003. Tourists are attracted by the very rich cultural heritage and rather tumultuous history of Russia, and this is reflected in the popularity of Russia's most famous attractions.

Despite these attractions, traveling in Russia presents many challenges for foreigners, particularly those coming from Western countries. While Russia is becoming more open in recent years, it is still strongly recommended for prospective visitors to make extensive preparations for their visit and to be prepared for many potential problems that could arise during their visit.