2. Answer the questions:

   1. Define the term Globalisation.

   2. Who was the first to use the term globalisation in an economic context? What do you know about this person? (See the Supplementary Text Bank for more information).

   3. What forces for development does globalisation rely on?

   4. In what ways does globalisation affect the world?

   5. What do you understand by homogenizing prices, products, wages, rates of interest and profits?

   6. Can you name any eager globalists? Anti-globalists?

   7. What trends is globalisation identified with?

3. Work in small groups, find sentences which contain the words of exercise 2, translate them without using a dictionary. Compare your work with that of your partner.

4. Translate the first, the second, the third and the last abstracts of the text in written form, entitle them. Choose the best translator.

3. Render the text following the tips:

• Don’t forget that rendering is an essential condensation in your own words.

• Answer the question «what is the author really saying».

• Remain faithful to the author's emphasis and interpretation.

• Read the text more than once, if necessary.

• Isolate the topic sentence of each paragraph.

• Underline key phrases.

• Write if necessary your own summarizing sentences which make use of those key phrases or distinctions.

2. A) Read the text: text b Positive and Negative Effects of Globalisation

The term "globalisation" is used to refer to these collective changes as a process, or else as the cause of turbulent change.

Economically, socially and ecologically positive: As an engine of commerce; one which brings an increased standard of living to Third World countries and further wealth to First World countries.

Economically, socially, politically, and ecologically negative: As an engine of "corporate imperialism;" one which tramples over human rights in developing societies, claims to bring prosperity, yet often simply amounts to plundering and profiteering. Negative effects include cultural assimilation via cultural imperialism, the export of artificial wants, and the destruction or inhibition of authentic local and global community, ecology and cultures.

It is often argued that even terrorism has undergone globalisation, with attacks in foreign countries that have no direct relation with the attackers' own country.

Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), for which GATT is the foundation, have included:

• Promotion of free trade

• Reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffs

• Reduced transportation costs, especially from development of containerization for ocean shipping.

• Reduction or elimination of capital controls

• Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses

• Intellectual property restrictions

• Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of nations, with more restrictions.

• Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the United States)