2. Past Perfect

	Positive	Negative	Question
Past Perfect Simple Active	After we had compiled the results…	… because they had not recorded the data.	Had they carried out all the tests?
Past Perfect Simple Passive	… after the results had been compiled.	…because the data had not been recorded.	Had all the tests been carried out?
Past Perfect Continuous Active	The analyst had been checking the walls yesterday.	We had not been evaluating the physical characteristics.	How long had you been working on the project?

Note: The Past Perfect Continuous Active is quite unusual, and the Past Perfect Continuous Passive is very rare.

Uses

All the past tenses are used to express activities at a definite time in the past.

The past simple describes:

• an activity at a definite time in the past

e.g. The study of airbags was started last year.

The past continuous describes:

• an activity which is a time frame for another activity

e.g. WhiIe we were studying the airbags. we made a significant discovery.

e.g. WhiIe our team was studying performance. another team was looking at the characteristics.

The past perfect describes:

• an activity that happened earlier than another activity in the past

e.g. Our studies showed how weII the equipment had performed.

Notes:

We use the past tenses with these expressions:

• yesterday: yesterday morning / afternoon / evening;

• last: last night / week / month / year;

• ago: one hour / two weeks / three months / four years ago;

• in: in 2005 / the 1990's / the 19th century.

Ex. 34. Six of the following sentences contain mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.

1. Sydney Harbour Bridge was building in 1932.

2. While they were carrying out tests in the laboratories, researchers were analyzing past results.

3. The first real road builders in Britain was the Romans.

4. The Romans built roads of layers of broken stones of various sizes and were covering them with flat stones.

5. The system didn't working because the loudspeaker had been wrongly connected.

6. Before factories were told to stop polluting the environment, waste was being dumped in rivers and in the sea.

7. Louis Pasteur was discovering the action of germs while he was studying fermentation in wines.

8. The production process had already been shut down when the leak in the fuel tank was found.

9. Nuclear energy began to be used from the mid-1950s.

10. In the second half of the 20th century, the electronics industry transforming the way we work in factories.

Ex. 35. Make past tense questions and answers using the words given.

Model: When were fibre optics first developed?

1. When / be / fibre optics / first / develop?

2. The boxes / break / because they / make / of low quality materials.

3. The power supply / cut off / because / cables / come down / during the storm.

4. They / not complete / the foundations / by the time the building materials / arrive.

5. When / they / install / the solar panels?

6. be / this / the first hydroelectric scheme/ in Scotland?

7. They / not use / wood chip / for heating / when the engineer / visit / the factory.

8. How / they / produce / gas / before they / discover / North Sea gas?

9. be / the oil pollution along the coastline / cause / by an oil tanker spillage?

10. How / they prepare access to this mine?

Ex. 36. Complete the following report of an accident which happened in a factory with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

On Friday morning at 9.25. a worker in the chemical plant (1) _______ (find) by a female colleague. He (2) _______ (lie) on the floor. His colleague (3) _______ (check) that he (4) _______ still _______ (breathe) and then (5) _______ (call) the emergency services. The injured man (6) _______ (take) to hospital where he later (7) _______ (recover). An investigation at the factory (8) _______ (find) that a bottle containing a dangerous chemical liquid (9) _______ (leave) open. Vapour from the liquid (10) _______ (escape) into the air. While he had been working in the room he (11) ______ (become) unwell. He (12) _______ (become) drowsy and then (13) ________ (fall) unconscious. Investigating officers are interviewing everyone who (14) ________ (work) in the factory that morning.

Listening

Ex. 37. DISCUSSING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS. Isobel, a Health and Safety specialist, is speaking to newly recruited oil platform technicians on a training course. Listen to the introduction to her talk and answer the following questions.

1. What kinds of regulation will the course deal with?

2. What examples does the trainer give?

3. What important point is emphasized?

Ex. 38. Complete the following extract from lsobel's talk by underlining the correct words.

The focus of the course will be on your personal (1) legislation / obligations in terms of looking after your own safety, and the safety of others. That means we'll be focusing on specific safety regulations. For instance, we'll be looking at personal protective equipment that's (2) compulsory / prohibited. Or activities that are (3) compulsory / prohibited in certain areas, such as smoking. The majority of the obligations we'll deal with are legal (4) requirements / permits. In other words, they're (5) permitted / stipulated by law as part of health and safety (6) legislation / obligation. lf you (7) contravene / comply with these kinds of regulations, it's not the same as turning up for work late, or merely breaching our contract of employment in some way. If someone fails to (8) contravene / comply with health and safety regs, they're breaking the law. It's as simple as that. I’m sure you're all aware of that, but it is an important point to emphasize.

Ex. 39. On the basis of the exercise above, complete the following groups of synonyms using the words in bold.

1. illiegal / banned / forbidden / __________

2. allowed / authorized / __________

3. adhere to / conform to / __________

4. stated / __________

5. break (the law) / breach (regulations) / __________ (regulations)

6. laws / regulations / __________ / legal __________ / personal __________

7. obligatory / __________

Ex. 40. What do you know about hydrogen sulfide? Is it a gas, a liquid, or a solid material? Is it dangerous? Watch the video about H₂S and decide, whether the following statements are true or false.

Vocabulary:

1. flammable – легковоспламеняющийся

2. hydrogen sulfide – сероводород

3. decay – разлагаться

4. landfill – свалка

5. public utilities – предприятия коммунального хозяйства

6. offensive odour – отталкивающий запах

7. lurch – уводить в сторону

8. oxygen-acetylene torch – кислородно-ацетиленовая горелка

9. welding – сварка

10. combust – гореть

1. Hydrogen sulfide cannot be seen.

2. Hydrogen sulfide can cause death.

3. It is formed by inorganic synthesis.

4. Every employee must monitor air quality for H2S presence.

5. The gas molecule consists of four atoms.

6. Hydrogen sulfide has no smell.

7. The gas effects occur very quickly.

8. Smoking is prohibited in all areas where there is a danger of H2S presence.

9. H2S burns at 1200°C.

10. Hydrogen sulfide evaporates from water easily.

11. The gas can lead to corrosion in pipes.

MODULE 3 Professional Activities of a Petroleum Engineer