5. Miscellaneous

depositional environment	обстановка осадконакопления	The area in which and physical conditions under which sediments are deposited, including sediment source; depositional processes such as deposition by wind, water or ice; and location and climate, such as desert, swamp or river.
facies	фация	The characteristics of a rock unit that reflect its origin and permit its differentiation from other rock units around it.

Ex. 2. CONSTRUCTING DEFINITIONS. Study the following information.

Definition = defining word/phrase + specification (one or several).

The linking between the 2 elements is very important!

Types of linking:

which/that	Porosity – the percentage of void space within a rock that/which can contain fluids.
preposition + which	Well – a pipe or a tube installed in an artificial boring in the earth through which water, oil or gas can be obtained.
–ing (active)	Reservoir – a subsurface body of rock having sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids.
–ed (passive)	Wellbore – a hole drilled into the earth to locate oil or water.
–able (к-ый можно…)	Bed – a layer of sedimentary rock distinguishable from adjacent beds.

Ex. 3. Choose the correct variant. Sometimes several variants are possible. Then, guess which terms are defined.

1. The physical process by (that / which) sediments are consolidated, (resulted / resulting) in the reduction of pore space as grains are packed closer together.

2. The rock layer below (that / which) economic hydrocarbon reservoirs are not expected to (find / be found).

3. Rock (consisting / consisted / that consists / that consisting) of broken fragments derived from (preexisting / preexisted) rocks.

4. A device used in seismic surveys that (detects / detecting / detected ) vibration (producing / produced) by seismic waves…

5. A clastic sedimentary rock (consisting / consisted / consists) of predominantly sand.

6. Rock (generating / generated / that generates) by marine organisms such as corals.

7. A carbonate sedimentary rock (composing / composes / composed) predominantly of calcite of organic or chemical origin.

8. A geological structure (produced / producing) by deformation.

Ex. 4. Check how well you have understood the definitions by answering the following questions.

1. What is the difference between a fold and a fault?

2. What elements are included in the notion of depositional environment?

3. Is limestone a clastic or a carbonate rock?

4. What sedimentary rock typically has the finest grains?

5. What body of rock characterizes economic potential of hydrocarbon extraction?

6. What is the difference between erosion and weathering?

7. What is the smallest stratigraphic unit?

8. What organisms typically generate carbonate rocks?

Ex. 5. Check your basic knowledge about geology. Choose the correct answer, A, B, or C.