1. Fluid characteristics

   bubble-point pressure	давление насыщения	The pressure at which the first gas comes out of solution in oil.
   dew point pressure	давление в точке росы	The pressure at which the first condensate liquid comes out of solution in a gas condensate.
   dissolved gas (solution gas)	растворенный газ	Dissolved gas in wellbore or reservoir fluids. The gas will remain in solution until the pressure or temperature conditions change, at which time it may break out of solution to become free gas.
   formation volume factor	объемный коэффициент	Volume of a phase at reservoir conditions divided by a volume of that phase at standard conditions. Since most measurements of oil and gas production are made at the surface, and since the fluid flow takes place in the formation, volume factors are needed to convert measured surface volumes to reservoir conditions.
   gas condensate	газоконденсат	Hydrocarbon liquid dissolved in saturated natural gas that comes out of solution when the pressure drops below the dewpoint.
   phase	фаза	A fluid component, such as oil, water, gas or solid material.
   PVT	PTV-свойства флюида (давление, объем, температура)	Abbreviation for pressure, volume, temperature.
   standard conditions	стандартные условия	A combination of pressure and temperature used as a base for comparison of gas, fluid, or vapor volumes.

2. Primary recovery

   aquifer	водоносный горизонт	A water-bearing portion of a petroleum reservoir with a water drive.
   gas cap	газовая шапка	The gas that accumulates in the upper portions of a reservoir.
   gas cap drive	режим газовой шапки	A type of reservoir-drive mechanism in which the energy for the transport and production of reservoir fluids is provided by the expansion of the gas cap.
   primary production (recovery)	добыча первичным способом	The first stage of hydrocarbon production, in which natural reservoir energy, such as gasdrive, waterdrive or gravity drainage, displaces hydrocarbons from the reservoir, into the wellbore and up to surface.
   recovery mechanism	способ добычи	Natural or artificial forces that displace hydrocarbons out of the reservoir into the wellbore and up to surface.
   reservoir conditions	пластовые условия	Pressure and temperature at a given depth within the reservoir.
   reservoir energy	пластовая энергия	Natural forces in the reservoir.
   reservoir pressure	пластовое давление	The pressure of fluids within the pores of a reservoir.
   solution gas drive	режим растворенного газа	A type of reservoir-drive system in which the energy for the transport and production of reservoir fluids is derived from the gas dissolved in the fluid.
   water drive	водонапорный режим	A reservoir-drive mechanism whereby the oil is driven through the reservoir by an active aquifer.

3. Secondary recovery

   pressure maintenance	поддержание пластового давления (ППД)	Injection of a fluid (typically water or gas) into the reservoir in order to displace hydrocarbons and/or compensate for pressure decrease caused by hydrocarbon withdrawal.
   secondary recovery	добыча вторичными способами	The second stage of hydrocarbon production during which an external fluid such as water or gas is injected into the reservoir through injection wells located in rock that has fluid communication with production wells. The purpose of secondary recovery is to maintain reservoir pressure and to displace hydrocarbons toward the wellbore.
   waterflooding	заводнение	A method of secondary recovery in which water is injected into the reservoir formation to displace residual oil. The water from injection wells physically sweeps the displaced oil to adjacent production wells.

4. Rock properties

   net pay thickness	эффективная мощность	Thickness of a producing part of the reservoir.
   oil-water contact (OWC)	водонефтяной контакт (ВНК)	A bounding surface in a reservoir above which predominantly oil occurs and below which predominantly water occurs.
   oil-wet	гидрофобный	Describing the preference of a solid to be in contact with an oil phase rather than a water or gas phase. Oil-wet rocks preferentially absorb oil.
   water-wet	гидрофильный	Describing the preference of a solid to be in contact with a water phase rather than an oil or gas phase. Water-wet rocks preferentially absorb water.
   wettability	смачиваемость	The preference of a solid to contact one liquid or gas, known as the wetting phase, rather than another.

5. Miscellaneous

injection profile	профиль закачки	A recording of the in-situ rate of fluid flow at different depths in an injection well, recorded as a number of barrels per day, or as a percentage of the total flow into the reservoir.
injection well	нагнетательная скважина	A well in which fluids are injected rather than produced, the primary objective typically being to maintain reservoir pressure. Two main types of injection are common: gas and water.
production profile	профиль добычи	A recording of the in-situ rate of fluid flow at different depths in an production well, recorded as a number of barrels per day, or as a percentage of the total flow from the reservoir.
production well	эксплуатационная скважина	A well producing fluids (gas, oil or water).

Ex. 2. Answer the questions and check how well you have understood the definitions.

1. What parameters determine reservoir conditions?

2. What is the difference between primary recovery and secondary recovery?

3. What does “PVT” mean?

4. What is the difference between bubble-point pressure and dew-point pressure? Which of these notions applies to gas condensate? Which of them applies to dissolved gas?

5. What are standard conditions applied for?

6. What is the difference between the notions “water-wet” and “oil-wet”? What is the general characteristic applied to these notions?

7. What occurs during waterflooding?

8. What are two main types of injection?

9. What are the phases in the reservoir?

10. What do aquifer and gas cap have in common?

Ex. 3. Match the Russian terms with their English equivalents.

гидрофильный	waterflooding
давление в точке росы	wettability
гидрофобный	solution gas drive
объемный коэффициент	oil-wet
способ добычи	bubble-point pressure
смачиваемость	water-wet
заводнение	primary recovery
водоносный горизонт	net pay thickness
добыча первичным способом	formation volume factor
водонефтяной контакт	gas condensate
давление насыщения	oil-water contact
газоконденсат	dew-point pressure
режим растворенного газа	recovery mechanism
эффективная мощность	aquifer

Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks in the following definitions with the words from the box.

withdrawal	injection	estimated
rock	arfificial	normal conditions
recovery mechanisms	primary	fluids
displace	secondary	fraction
wellbore	reservoir	pressure
residual oil	adjacent	injection wells

1. Oil recovery – the _______ of oil that can or has been produced from a well, reservoir or field.

2. Pressure maintenance – ________ of a fluid (typically water or gas) into the reservoir in order to ________ hydrocarbons and/or compensate for _______ decrease caused by hydrocarbon _______.

3. Recovery mechanism – natural or ________ forces that displace hydrocarbons out of the _______ into the ________ and up to the surface.

4. Reserves – _________ volumes of hydrocarbons stored in a reservoir that can actually be produced by certain _________.

5. Reservoir pressure – the pressure of ________ within the pores of a reservoir.

6. Residual oil – oil that does not move when fluids are flowed through the ________ in _________, for example ________ or secondary recovery.

7. Waterflooding – a method of _______ recovery in which water is injected into the reservoir formation to displace _______. The water from _________ physically sweeps the displaced oil to ________ production wells.

Ex. 5. Reconstruct the following definitions, adding the necessary verbs and linking words.

Model: Bubble-point pressure is the pressure at which the first gas comes out of solution in oil.

1. bubble-point pressure – pressure / first gas / solution / oil

2. dew-point pressure – pressure / first condensate liquid / solution / gas condensate

3. formation volume factor – volume / phase / reservoir conditions / volume / that phase / standard conditions.

4. oil-water contact – bounding surface / reservoir / oil / water

5. wettability – preference / solid / liquid / gas / wetting phase / another

6. oil-wet – preference / solid / contact / oil phase / water or gas phase. Oil-wet rocks / oil.

7. standard conditions – combination / pressure / temperature / base / comparison / gas / fluid / vapor / volumes

Reading and Vocabulary

Ex. 6. Read the text, referring to the definitions at the beginning of the Unit if necessary.