7. Literature cited

Function: The Literature Cited section gives an alphabetical listing (by first author's last name) of the references that you actually cited in the body of your paper.

NOTE: Do not label this section "Bibliography". A bibliography contains references that you may have read but have not specifically cited in the text. Bibliography sections are found in books and other literary writing, but not scientific journal-style papers.

8. Appendices

Function: An Appendix contains information that is non-essential to understanding of the paper, but may present information that further clarifies a point without burdening the body of the presentation. An appendix is an optional part of the paper, and is only rarely found in published papers.

Headings: Each Appendix should be identified by a Roman numeral in sequence, e.g., Appendix I, Appendix II, etc. Each appendix should contain different material.

Some examples of material that might be put in an appendix (not an exhaustive list):

• raw data

• maps (foldout type especially)

• extra photographs

• explanation of formulas, either already known ones, or especially if you have "invented" some statistical or other mathematical procedures for data analysis.

• specialized computer programs for a particular procedure

• full generic names of chemicals or compounds that you have referred to in somewhat abbreviated fashion or by some common name in the text of your paper.

• diagrams of specialized apparati.

Figures and Tables in Appendices. Figures and Tables are often found in an appendix. These should be formatted as discussed previously (see Tables and Figures), but are numbered in a separate sequence from those found in the body of the paper. So, the first Figure in the appendix would be Figure 1, the first Table would be Table 1, and so forth. In situations when multiple appendices are used, the Table and Figure numbering must indicate the appendix number as well.

Ex. 15. Answer the following questions, based on the text above.

1. What is the function of the introduction?

2. What are the elements of the introduction?

3. What information is included in the Materials and Methods section?

4. What is a common problem when writing Materials and Methods section? How can it be avoided?

5. What are the recommendations for the style and organization of the Results section?

6. Why should negative results be included?

7. What questions should be addressed in the Discussion section?

8. Why should you relate your findings to previous results?

9. When should acknowledgments be included?

10. What is the difference between the notions “Bibliography” and “Literature Cited”?

11. What information should be included in the Appendices?

Ex. 16. The following standard formulas are used in academic writing style. Determine the function of each group of phrases 1-9 by choosing from functions A-I. Make sure you understand the meaning of all phrases.