1.3 Производные от some и any

1. Местоимение any и его производные употребляются в отрицательных предложениях и общих вопросах. В утвердительных предложениях эти местоимения употребляются в значении любой:

There aren’t any apple-trees in the garden.

Are there any apple-trees in the garden?

2. Местоимение some и его производные употребляются преимущественно в утвердительных предложениях, а также специальных вопросах и в общих вопросах, в которых выражается просьба или предложение:

There are some apple-trees in the garden.

Where can I buy some cassettes?

Will you have some more milk?

3. Производные местоимения от any и some: someone, somebody (кто-то), something (что-то, что-нибудь), anyone, anybody (кто-нибудь), anything (что-нибудь) – всегда употребляются в качестве местоимений-существительных. Они могут стоять в именительном и притяжательном падеже. В именительном падеже эти местоимения выступают в функции подлежащего или дополнения, а в притяжательном падеже – в функции определения:

Somebody called him.

She didn’t say anything.

He took somebody’s bag.

4. Местоимения somebody, someone, something употребляются:

1) в утвердительных предложениях:

Someone is knocking at the door.

I brought you something.

2) в вопросительных предложениях, если в них выражается просьба или предложение:

Will you have something to eat?

Didn’t you want somebody to go with you?

5. Местоимения anyone, anybody, anything

1) В отрицательных предложениях и в общих вопросах:

I didn’t see anything.

Is anybody there?

2) В утвердительных предложениях. В этом случае anyone, anybody имеют значение всякий, любой, кто угодно, anything – все, что угодно:

Anybody would like to live in such a city.

You may take anything you like.

May I take anything I like?

Exercise1. Fill in some, any, no.

1. There are …shops in the streets.

2. If you get…news, please ring me up.

3. I have got many interesting books…are on the table.

4. There are …people in the park. It is raining.

5. We didn’t buy …books.

6. Pass me…bread.

7. I don’t want…money.

8. I have not got…copy-books. Who will give me…?

9. Will you give me…English-Russian dictionaries?

10. … word will do.

11. There is … cheese on the plate.

12. Bill had … suggestions.

13. Do you want … juice? I don’t want… . I want to have …cold water.

14. I saw … boys in the yard.

15. There are … pictures in the book.

Exercise 2. Fill in something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one.

1. I don’t know…about your family. Tell me… .

2. I saw… you know in the street last night.

3. Is there … you need on the table?

4. Would they like … to eat?

5. There was … in the room and the light was switched off.

6. There is … in the room. I hear the steps.

7. Was there … near your house whom you wanted to see?

8. There wasn’t … in the classroom.

9. There was hardly… in the journal, useful for my future report.

10. Is the pencil on the shelf? – No, there is … there.

11. He asked…for helping him.

12. There isn’t… in the bag. It’s empty.

Exercise 3. Make the sentences negative:

1. There are some toys on the table.

2. There are some men in the room.

3. There some mistakes on this page.

4. There is a dog in my friend’s house.

5. There is a parrot and three cats in the pet-shop.

6. There are some hats on the chair.

7. There are two tables in the room.

8. There is a blackboard in the classroom.

Exercise 4.Translate the sentences using some, any, no.

1. Я купил марки и конверты.

2. В этом журнале нет иллюстраций.

3. У вас книги по этому вопросу.

4. У вас есть красная ручка?

5. Я принес вам почитать интересные книги.

6. Есть ли чай в чайнике?

7. Не хотите ли чаю?

8. Приходите ко мне в любое время.

9. Вы можете купить эту книгу в любом магазине.

10. Некоторые из этих студентов хорошо говорят по-английски.

11. Дайте, пожалуйста, бумагу и чернила.

12. Если у вас будет свободное время, прочитайте эту книгу.

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. Никто не знал их адреса.

2. Он ничего не писал мне об этом.

3. Я никого не жду сегодня вечером.

4. Ничего еще не известно об этом.

5. На этой улице нет отделения милиции.

6. Никто из нас не пойдет сегодня в парк.

7. У него нет телефона дома.

8. Никто не спрашивал меня об этом.

9. Дома никого не было, когда я вернулся.

10. Никто из них не знал об этом.

II. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense образуется при помощи глагола to be в форме Present Perfect Tense (have been / has been) и причастия I смыслового глагола (инфинитив смыслового глагола + -ing). Это время не имеет никакого аналога в русском языке и может переводиться как настоящим, так и прошедшим временем.

Форма
Утвердительная	Отрицательная	Вопросительная
I have been writing You have been writing She has been writing He has been writing It has been writing We have been writing You have been writing They have been writing	I have not been writing You have not been writing She has not been writing He has not been writing It has not been writing We have not been writing You have not been writing They have not been writing	Have I been writing Have you been writing Has she been writing Has he been writing Has it been writing Have he been writing Have you been writing Have they been writing

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения:

1. Длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось какое-то время и закончилось к моменту речи: He is out of breath. He has been running fast.

2. Длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи: I have been watching TV since 5 o’clock.

3. Повторяющихся действий, начавшихся в определенный момент в прошлом и продолжающихся в настоящий период времени: She has been having driving lessons for six months.

4. Некоторые глаголы не употребляются в Perfect Continuous. Эти глаголы обозначают не действия, а состояния, чувства, представления. В таких случаях вместо Perfect Continuous употребляется Perfect. Это глаголы 1) чувственного восприятия: hear, see, feel, taste и др.; 2) умственной деятельности: know, believe, need, realize, mean, suppose, forget, understand, seem; 3) абсолютных чувств: love, hate, want, like, dislike.

Exercise Supply the Present Perfect Continuous Tense of the verbs in brackets.

1. She … with us since then (live).

2. How long … the children … (play)?

3. He is tired. He … all day (work).

4. She … at this school for twenty years (teach).

5. He … experiments for a year (make).

6. I think she … lies as usual (tell).

7. I … myself that question for many years (ask).

8. You … me since the very moments I left the house (follow).

9. We … our librarian to put the books in the right order for three days (help).

10. He says he … for a long time without achieving good results (work).

Exercise 7. You have to say how long something has been happening.

Example: It is snowing. It began snowing two hours ago.

- It has been snowing for two hours.

1. Jane is reading. She began reading an hour ago. She … for an hour.

2. My sister is knitting a new sweater. She started knitting it a month ago. She … for a month.

3. Sam is studying German. He started studying it two years ago. He … for two years.

4. My friend is working at his report. He began working at it in the morning. He … since morning.

5. They are building a new tube station. They started it in June. They … since June.

6. You are taking music lessons. You began taking music lessons six months ago. You … for six months.

7. Mary is looking for a job. She began looking for it in December. She … since December.

8. George smokes much. He started smoking ten years ago. He … for ten years.

Exercise 8. Read the sentences and add a sentence with the Present Perfect Continuous.

Example: Tom is out of breath. (he / run) – He has been running.

1. We are tired. (we / work / hard)

2. You look unhappy. (you / cry)

3. John’s clothes are dirty. (he / clean / his car)

4. Tom’s skin is red. (he / sunbathe / for hours)

5. Ann’s hands are in ink. (she / write / letters)

6. The children are hot and excited. (they / play football)

7. Mary is slim. (she / keep to a diet)

8. He is very good at tennis. (he / play it / for ten years)

9. He knows every street in this town. (he / live there / for many years)

Exercise 9. Ask questions beginning with how long.

Example: I’m waiting for you. –

How long have you been waiting for me?

1. They are discussing their summer plans.

2. Ann is translating an English article.

3. We are writing a report.

4. The boys are skating on the pond.

5. Mr. Brown is travelling in the North.

6. It is raining.

7. My relatives are staying with us.

8. Mother is cooking.

9. He is answering the reporter’s questions.

10. The girls are looking through a fashion magazine.

Exercise 10. Answer the questions in the negative and extend your answers.

Example: Have you read “The Fairy Tales” by Oscar Wild? – No, we

haven’t yet. We are still reading them. We have been reading

them since the beginning of the team.

1. Has mother made a cream cake?

2. Have you learned the poem by heart?

3. Have the students copied the exercise?

4. Have you done your hair at last?

5. Have you collected material for your scientific work?

6. Have you repaired my tape-recorder?

7. Has Mary done the flat?

8. Has he written his report on Byron?

Exercise 11. Supply the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. They … all young trees in the park (plant).

2. They … young trees in the park since morning (plant).

3. The children … the fir-tree (decorate). You can see it now.

4. Our parents … the fir-tree all evening (decorate). They are still in the living room.

5. He … the tape-recorder (repair) and has just begun to use it.

6. He … the tape-recorder (repair) himself since morning and hopes to finish it soon.

7. Mary is still in the kitchen. She … it all morning (clean).

8. Mary … the kitchen (clean) and now it looks tidy and nice.

Exercise 12. Say, if these sentences are grammatically right or wrong. Correct the ones which are wrong.

1. I am waiting here for an hour.

2. They have been married since January.

3. How long do you know Ann?

4. My brother is studying languages for two years.

5. Ann has a bad cold for the last few days.

6. I always live in London.

7. She works in Sheffield since February.

8. We are friends since childhood.

9. It has been raining for weeks.

10. They have been having problems with the children lately.

11. He has written two articles for a week.

Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Он опять смотрит телевизор. Он смотрит его с самого утра.

2. Кто взял мою ручку? Я ищу ее уже несколько минут.

3. Мы уже уложили вещи и теперь ждем такси.

4. Сколько времени она уже говорит по телефону?

5. Они женаты с 1992.

6. Погода ужасная, целую неделю идут дожди, очень сыро и холодно.

7. Она опытная няня. Она работает в больнице 12 лет.

8. Мы ждем его уже целую неделю.

9. Сколько времени она берет уроки музыки?

10. Я так рада, что мы закончили работу.

III. The Future Indefinite Tense

The Future Indefinite Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола shall (для 1 лица единственного и множественного числа) и глагола will (для остальных лиц) и смыслового глагола без частицы to.

The Future Indefinite Tense употребляется для выражения:

1. Однократных действий, которые произойдут в будущем: He will come back in two days. I shall give you a call in the evening.

2. Повторяющихся действий, которые произойдут в будущем: She will take English lessons twice a week.

Разграничение между глаголами shall и will характерно для британского варианта английского языка, но в разговорной речи более употребительным является глагол will для всех лиц и чисел.

Exercise 14. Complete the sentences with I’ll and a suitable word.

1. I feel a bit hungry. I think … something to eat.

2. “Have you written that letter to Jack?” – “Oh, I forgot. … it this evening.”

3. “ We haven’t got milk!” – “Oh, haven’t we? … and get some.”

4. “Would you like tea or coffee?” – “… coffee please.”

5. It’s cold here. I think … the window.

6. It’s late to telephone Jack. Well, … him in the morning.

7. … some sandwiches for the party.

8. “Are you going to send him a postcard or a telegram?” – “… him a telegram.”

9. … everything I can to help you.

10. “…him some tea”, she said.

Exercise 15. Complete the second line of these dialogues.

Example: A. I have got a headache.

B. I’ll get you an aspirin.

1. A. I’ve spent all the money

B. I’ll … …

3. A. John and Mary have just got married.

B. Have they? I’ll … …

4. A. We’ve run out of bread.

B. Don’t worry. I’ll … …

5. A. You’ll need some books for your report.

B. I’ll … … library.

6. A. Now you have a flat of your own. Will you keep any pets?

B. I’ll … …

7. A. I have so many things to do before my son’s birthday party.

B. Don’t worry. I’ll … …

8. A. It’s a pity you haven’t seen this film.

B. I’ll … …

9. A. When can you bring me the book you’ve promised?

B. I’ll … …

Exercise 16. Answer the questions about your next holiday.

1. When will you have your next holiday?

2. Will you stay in town or go anywhere?

3. Who will you go with?

4. What are you going to do there? Relax or see the sights, or both?

5. Will you go there by train, by plain or by car?

6. Where will you stay there?

7. Where will you have your meals?

8. How much do you think will you spend on your holiday?

9. Will you buy any souvenirs for your family and friends?

10. When will you come back?

Будущее время в английском языке может также выражаться:

1. При помощи конструкции to be going to + инфинитив в значении «собираться что-либо сделать»: I am going to do this exercise.

2. При помощи времени Present Indefinite, как правило, с глаголами движения to go, to start, to begin, to start и др.: The train starts in 15 minutes.

3. При помощи времени Present Continuous с теми же глаголами: The expedition is arriving in a week.

4. Будущее время не употребляется в придаточных предложениях времени и условия, оно заменяется Present Indefinite: If my mother comes at 5 o’clock we will watch the film together.

Exercise 17. Think of an answer to these ques­tions. Give a reason to support what you say.

Example: A. What's the weather going to be like this afternoon?

B. I think it's going to rain. That's what the forecast said.

1. A. Where will you live when you get married?

B. ... ...

2. A. What will your boy-friend say when he sees your new dress?

B. ... ...

3. A. Where will you work after you graduate from the University?

B. … …

4. A. What will you do if you win a lottery prize?

B. ... …

5. A. Who do you think our new President will be?

B. ... ...

6. A. What will happen if you press this button?

B. ... ...

7. A. Where will you take your kid sister (brother) on Sunday?

B. ... ...

8. A. What will you order for lunch if you are going to have a meal out?

B. ... ...

9. A. How will you cook this fish?

B. … ...

10. A. What will you wear at Tom's party?

B. … ...

Exercise 18. Give a short account of:

1) what you are going to do tomorrow;

2) how your mother is going to spend next Sunday;

3) what you will do at Bill's birthday party;

4) what students will do in an English class.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using different means of expressing future actions.

1. Мы собираемся отправиться в деревню через 2 дня.

2. Она купит это платье, когда у нее будут деньги.

3. Если он прилетит рано, скажи, чтобы он позвонил мне.

4. Поезд из Моск­вы прибывает через 5 минут.

5. Они подружатся, когда узнают друг друга лучше.

6. Я не буду вме­шиваться (interfere) в ваши дела.

7. Секретарь от­правит эти документы немедленно.

8. Последний сеанс начнется в 7 часов.

9. Он собирается погово­рить с вами сам.

10. Когда ей исполнится 21 год, она уедет из дома.

IV. The Future Continuous Tense

The Future Continuous Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be во времени Future Indefinite (shall be / will be) и причастия I смыслового глагола (инфинитив без частицы to + -ing).

Форма
Утвердительная	Отрицательная	Вопросительная
I shall be writing You will be writing She will be writing He will be writing It will be writing We shall be writing You will be writing They will be writing	I shall not be writing You will not be writing She will not be writing He will not be writing It will not be writing We shall not be writing You will not be writing They will not be writing	Shall I be writing Will you be writing Will she be writing Will he be writing Will it be writing Shall we be writing Will you be writing Will they be writing

The Future Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения

1. Длительного действия, которое начнется до определенного момента в будущем и все еще будет совершаться в этот момент: I’ll still be working at 5 o’clock.

2. Длительного времени, которое будет совершаться в определенный период времени в будущем: He will be working at a new play during this summer.

3. Недлительного, но заранее запланированного действия (главным образом, в разговорной речи): I’ll be meeting them at the station.

Exercise 20. Rewrite the sentences using the Fu­ture Continuous Tense.

Example: I'm going to write letters from 3 o'clock until 4.30.

So at 4 o'clock I'll be writing letters.

1. He is going to watch television from 9 until 10 o'clock this evening.

So at 9.30 this evening he ...

2. We are going to clean our flat from 9 until 11 o'clock tomorrow.

So at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning we ...

3. She is going to study from 7 o'clock until 10 o'clock this evening.

So at 8 o'clock this evening she ...

4. Tomorrow morning they are going to play foot­ball from 9 o'clock till 10.30.

So at 10 o'clock tomorrow they ...

5. I am going to look through these magazines from 4 o'clock until 5.30 tonight.

So at 4.30 tonight I...

6. He is going to read a new detective from 10 o'clock until 12 this evening.

So at 11 o'clock this evening he ...

Exercise 21. Say what you will be doing at these times:

Example: 8 o'clock / get up

I'll be getting up at 8 o'clock.

9 a.m. / leave the house;

10.40 a.m. / have an English class;

11.10 a.m. / have a lunch;

4 p.m. / have dinner;

5 p.m. / wash up dishes;

5.30 p.m. / take a walk;

6 p.m. – 8 p.m. / do home work;

8 p.m. – 11 p.m. / read, watch TV, have supper.

Exercise 22. Supply the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous of the verbs in brackets.

1. Sit down and fasten your seat belts. We (take off) in a few minutes.

2. Do you think you still (work) here in five years’ time?

3. I don't think I (see) him tonight.

4. They (reach) the top of the mountain at this time tomorrow.

5. They still (discuss) the prob­lem at 11 o'clock.

6. You (hear) about it in the 14 o'clock news.

7. I (work) as a teacher next year.

8. They (have) a party on Sunday as usual.

9. They (laugh) at you if you tell them this absurd story.

10. I (wait) for you at the theatre at 7 o'clock.

Exercise 23. Translate the sentences into English using either the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous.

1. Мы будем ждать вас у памятника Пушкину.

2. Интересно, что она будет делать завтра в это вре­мя?

3. Они покажут этот фильм снова завтра утром.

4. Я уверена, она все поймет.

5. Как вы будете до­бираться туда?

6. Боюсь, она будет тратить очень много денег летом.

7. Завтра в это время корабль будет приближаться к Неаполю.

8. Официантка при­несет кофе и мороженое через пару минут.

9. Го­ворят, что зима будет холодной.

10. Завтра мы уви­димся.

11. Когда ты вернешься, они все еще будут жить в своем старом доме.

12. Собака залает, если чужой (stranger) подойдет к двери.

V. The Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в future indefinite (shall have / will have) и причастия ii смыслового глагола (инфинитив + -ed / третья колонка в таблице неправильных глаголов).

Форма
Утвердительная	Отрицательная	Вопросительная
I shall have written you will have written she will have written he will have written it will have written we shall have written you will have written they will have written	I shall not have written you will not have written she will not have written he will not have written it will not have written we shall not have written you will not have written they will not have written	shall I have written will you have written will she have written will he have written will it have written shall we have written will you have written will they have written

The Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, законченного к определенному моменту в будущем. Этот момент может быть выражен обстоятельством времени с предлогом by или другим действием, выраженным глаголом в Present Indefinite:

We shall have translated the article by 5 o’clock.

When you come he will have had a bath.

Exercise 24. Make these sentences negative and interrogative.

1. She will have cooked dinner by the time you come.

2. The teacher will have looked through all our exercise – books by the end of the week.

3. The film will already have started when we get there.

4. I shall have read the book by the next Monday.

5. My parents will have gone to bed when we come back from the theatre.

Exercise 25. What will life be like in the year 2100? Complete the sentences using will have + Past Participle Form.

Example: By 2100 the world’s population will have increased to around

30000 million.

1. Life … (become) more automated by then.

2. Computers … (take over) many of the jobs that people do today.

3. The earth’s supplies of oil, coal and gas … (run out).

4. … scientists (find) other sources of energy?

5. How … education …. (change)?

6. … we (find) a way to feed all the people in the world?

7. … the climate (change) greatly?

8. Many new medicines … (be invented) that will save life of many sick people.

Exercise 26. Supply the Future Perfect Tense of the verbs in brackets.

1. I hope you (go) to bed by eleven.

2. She (listen) to the poem many times before she understands all the words.

3. They (get) you into trouble before you can say knife.

4. I hope the telegram (come) before they start for the North.

5. By the time you meet him he (do a lot of work).

6. By the time the lessons are over the pupils (run out of the classroom).

7. The news of their marriage (reach) their village before they get there.

8. By the time we get there the sun (set).

9. They (take) their last exam by the first of July.

10. Before supper my father (look through evening newspapers).

Exercise 27. Supply the required future tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. I hope you (not forget) all this by tomorrow.

2. I think she (cook) dinner by the time Mother (come) home.

3. He (be) a pensioner for ten years by next spring.

4. I hope they (tell) her the news by the time we (come).

5. Ask him when he (finish) packing.

6. What …you (do) when I (call) on you at 5 tomorrow?

7. He (search) every corner of your room before he leave.

8. The plane (approach) Moscow at this time tomorrow.

9. By the time you (get) home we (prepare) everything for the party.

10. They (come) to see us next Sunday.

11. By the end of the year we (be) through with our experimental work.

12. The doctor (examine) his patient at this time tomorrow.

Exercise 28. Translate the sentences into English using the Future Indefinite, the Future Continuous and the Future Perfect.

1. Он вернется домой к 15 августа.

2. Через неделю в это время наш теплоход будет приближаться к берегам Кубы.

3. Я буду ждать вас завтра в это же время.

4. Через два дня студенты начнут сдавать экзамены.

5. Не приставай к нему, он очень волнуется: завтра в это время он будет давать свой первый концерт.

6. Надеюсь, к 10 часам вечера концерт уже закончится, и через полчаса дети будут уже дома.

7. Мы уберем квартиру и накроем на стол до того, как придут гости.

8. Он говорит, что придет на вокзал проводить нас.

9. Что вы будете делать завтра в это же время? – Буду давать свой первый урок в школе.

10. Строители закончат новую линию метро к 10 мая.

11. Убери свою комнату прежде, чем поедешь за город.

12. Он все поймет раньше, чем ты начнешь свои объяснения.

VI. The Passive Voice

В английском языке глагол имеет два залога: действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice). Глагол употребляется в действительном залоге, если подлежащим в предложении является лицо или предмет, производящие действие: John cooked dinner last night. Глагол в страдательном залоге выражает действие, которое направлено на лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим: The dinner was cooked by John last night.

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия II смыслового глагола. В страдательном залоге употребляются следующие времена:

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect
Present	I am told You are told He is told She is told We are told They are told	I am being told You are being told He is being told She is being told We are being told They are being told	I have been told You have been told He has been told She has been told We have been told They have been told
Past	I was told You were told He was told She was told We were told They were told	I was being told You were being told He was being told She was being told We were being told They were being told	I had been told You had been told He had been told She had been told We had been told They had been told
Future	I shall be told You will be told He will be told She will be told We shall be told They will be told	___________	I shall have been told You will have been told He will have been told She will have been told We shall have been told they will have been told
Future in the Past	I should be told You would be told He would be told She would be told We should be told They would be told	___________	I should have been told You would have been told He would have been told She would have been told We should have been told They would have been told

Exercise 29. There are the passive forms of the Present, Past and Future Tenses. Study the sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.

2. The problem will be discussed later.

3. My sister is being shown a new video.

4. The letter was given to him at once.

5. The director was being interviewed when I came in.

6. The boy has just been sent to bed.

7. A new park will have been laid out by summer.

8. He found out that the house had been sold to a rich American.

9. Have you heard the news? The Governor had been shot.

10. Jane didn’t know about the change of plans. She hasn’t been told.

Exercise 30. Make these sentences interrogative (A) and negative (B).

A.

1. Warm clothes are made of wool.

2. Some money will be given to you.

3. The ship has been sunk on purpose.

4. The car is being repaired at the moment.

5. The house was bought for 5 thousand dollars.

B.

1. All her affairs will have been settled before she gets married.

2. He said that detailed instructions had been given.

3. The monument was put up before Victory Day.

4. The old church has been reconstructed lately.

5. The windows were being cleaned while I was there.

6. A meeting was held in the village hall once a week.

The Passive Voice употребляется в тех случаях, когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или представляется несущественным:

Rome wasn’t built in a day.

The matter will be discussed at the next meeting.

Если лицо, совершающее действие, упоминается в предложении, но не является подлежащим, то оно занимает позицию предложного дополнения, вводимого предлогом by:

The music was composed by Beethoven.

Как правило, предложное дополнение употребляется в предложении, если в роли сказуемого пассивной конструкции употребляются глаголы: build, compose, damage, design, destroy, discover, invent, make, write and others.

Who designed St. Paul’s Cathedral? – It was designed by Christopher Wren.

Exercise 31. Rewrite the sentences in the Active Voice.

Example: The children were carefully examined by the doctor.

The doctor carefully examined the children.

1. The pupils will be given out prizes by the headmaster.

2. Many tasty things will be made by Mother for our party.

3. She is being told a wonderful story by her Granny.

4. Yesterday my tape-recorder was repaired by my friend.

5. This rule has already been explained by our teacher.

6. The test had been written by the pupils before the bell rang.

7. Many folk songs were used by Russian composers in composing music.

8. Look, trees are being planted by the children in our yard.

Exercise 32. Answer the following questions.

Example: Who wrote the novel “War and Peace”?

The novel “War and Peace” was written by Tolstoy.

1. Who designed the Winter Palace?

2. Who built this house?

3. Who made this beautiful jacket?

4. Who showed you round the city?

5. Who brought the flowers to the party?

6. Who cooked dinner yesterday?

7. Who answered the telephone call?

8. Who sends presents to you?

9. Who wrote this article?

10. Who makes you dresses?

11. Who made the shopping yesterday?

12. Who told this story?

13. Who wrote the book “Gone With the Wind”?

14. Who swept the floor?

Exercise 33. Choose the correct form: Active or Passive.

1. The children taught / were taught Italian.

2. This problem will discuss / will be discussed at the conference.

3. The president interviewed / was interviewed on French TV.

4. Teachers have given / have been given a new pay rise by the government.

5. Walt Disney created / was created the cartoon character Mickey Mouse.

6. The firm has been making / has been made dresses for twenty years.

7. He treats / is treated the girl very badly.

8. He said that he had taken / had been taken his watch to a watchmaker’s.

9. Many new houses have been built / have built this year.

Exercise 34. Ask questions beginning with question-words suggested.

Example: Russian is spoken all over our country. (Where?)

Where is Russian spoken in our country?

1. Beautiful girls are often envied. (What girls?)

2. Watches are made of gold and metal. (What …of?)

3. The report of Byron’s poetry was made in September. (When?)

4. This novel was written by Leskov. (Who …by?)

5. The ship was built in Germany. (Where?)

6. The man has been operated on the heart. (What … on?)

7. Summer plans will be discussed after our exams. (What? When?)

8. The flat was furnished in a very good taste. (How?)

9. Many beautiful ensembles in our city were designed by Rossi. (Who …by?)

10. He will be punished for the harm he has done. (What …for?)

11. The table was laid for two. (For how many?)

12. Two thousand roubles were paid for these books. (How much?)

Exercise 35. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice.

1. They are building a new ring road round the city.

2. They will read this book next term.

3. They cancelled all flights because of fog.

4. Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

5. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.

6. They have changed the date of the meeting.

7. Dan told me that somebody had attacked him in the street.

8. She will have translated the article by the end of the day.

9. John had been courting Mary for a year before he proposed to her.

10. They have been discussing his proposal for hours.

Exercise 36. Supply the Passive form of the verbs in brackets in the required tense.

1. Lanny noticed that he … (watch) by three white men on the other side of the street.

2. I hope the letter …(send) tomorrow.

3. It…(decide) to say nothing to him until the answer…(receive).

4. You thought that the letter …(lose).

5. You don’t know he was with me two hours before he…(find).

6. The table…(lay) for his supper.

7. He…(forbid) to receive either letters or telegrams.

8. She felt suddenly that she…(watch).

9. I just…(offer) an interesting job.

10. What shall I do if you…(kill)?

11. This is the stage upon which the tragedy…(play) recently.

12. She…(give) a table for two and soon a man came and sat down opposite her.

Exercise 37. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Много новых садов и парков будет заложено в новых районах нашего города.

2. Много вкусных блюд готовят из овощей и фруктов.

3. Этот мост построен в прошлом веке.

4. Этот памятник был воздвигнут в 1954 году.

5. Этот город был основан в 11 веке.

6. Много новых фильмов выпускается каждый год.

7. Мы не сможем поехать за город в воскресенье, наша машина в ремонте.

8. Сейчас экзаменуют нашу группу.

9. Не входите в зал, его проветривают.

10. Вы пришли вовремя. Этот вопрос как раз обсуждают.

11. Этот матч показывали вчера по телевизору в 7 часов.

12. Белье вчера стирали в это время.

13. Когда мы вернулись, все вещи были уже уложены.

14. К концу января все экзамены уже будут сданы.

15. К вашему приходу детей уже уложат в постель.

16. К 4 часам стол уже будет накрыт.

17. Лекарство уже выписали.

18. Почту уже принесли.

19. Цветы и подарки уже куплены.

20. Ей прочитали интересную сказку вчера.

VII. Modal Verbs

Модальные глаголы являются одним из средств выражения модальности в английском языке. Эти глаголы обозначают не конкретные действия, а выражают лишь отношение говорящего к действию. С помощью модальных глаголов говорящий показывает, что он считает то или иное действие возможным, невозможным, вероятным, необходимым, желательным и т.д. поэтому модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола: He can speak English.

К модальным глаголам относятся can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to и другие. Модальные глаголы отличаются также системой грамматических форм. Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными, дефектными глаголами. У них отсутствует ряд грамматических форм, которые имеют другие глаголы:

1) Модальные глаголы, кроме can и may, имеют форму только настоящего времени, в 3-м лице единственного числа не принимают окончания –s.

I must do We must do

You must do You must do

She must do They must do

He must do

It must do

Глаголы can и may имеют форму прошедшего времени could и might.

2) Инфинитив смыслового глагол, следующий за модальными глаголами, употребляется без частицы to.

She can read English.

You needn’t do it.

They may come tomorrow.

3) Вопросительная и отрицательная формы предложений с модальными глаголами образуются без вспомогательного глагола.

Can you translate the sentence?

I can’t speak German.

Must I do it now?

You may not smoke here.

4) В разговорной речи в отрицательной форме употребляются следующие сокращения: cannot – can’t

could not – couldn’t

must not – mustn’t

should not – shouldn’t и т.д.

Глагол may с отрицанием сокращенной формы не имеет: may not.

A. The Modal Verb CAN

1. Глагол can имеет значение умственной или физической способности, возможности или умения совершить действие, которое можно отнести к настоящему или будущему времени: She can play the piano. Can he finish the work next week?

2. Глагол can имеет две формы: can (Present) и could (Past): I could run very well when I was a boy.

3. Модальное выражение to be able to “мочь, быть в состоянии, уметь” употребляется как вместо недостающих временных форм глагола can (will be able, have been able), так и вместо can и could: I hope to be able to help you. He hasn’t been able to come. I think she was able to do it.

Exercise 38. Change the following sentences into the interrogative and let your fellow students answer them in the affirmative and in the interrogative:

Example: She can read English.

Can she read English? –Yes she can read English.

- No, she can’t read English.

1. I can write only with my right hand.

2. She can wink with her left eye.

3. The girl can speak French very well.

4. He can do this work himself.

5. We can wait for a few minutes.

6. Dan can give you the book tomorrow.

Exercise 39. Tell your fellow students what you can do now, you couldn’t do some time ago.

Example: I couldn’t skate last winter, but now I can skate well.

1. repeat sentence after the record voice.

2. read and speak two foreign languages.

3. play the guitar.

4. cook dishes of fish.

5. sew and knit myself.

6. play chess.

7. drive a car.

Exercise 40. Rewrite sentences in the Future Indefinite.

Example: I can see you later ... (when you return).

– I’ll be able to see you when you return

1. Ann can cook well ... (when she has had more practice).

2. She can’t believe you ... (unless you tell her the truth).

3. Lena can speak fluent English ... (after she has had more lessons).

4. You can study medicine ... (if you enter that college).

5. We can go swimming ... (when it is warmer).

6. Jane can play the violin ... (when her arm is better).

7. She can ring them up ... (if she finds their telephone number).

8. They can work at school ... (when they graduate from the Institute).

Exercise 41. Complete the sentences with can or be able to in the correct tense.

1. I ... get my degree next year.

2. She ... not visit us yesterday, because she was busy.

3. I ... finish this work today. I’m tired.

4. We have no class on Tuesday, that’s why we ... not get ready for the next seminar.

5. I’m afraid I ... not translate this article tonight.

6. Did you buy any fresh meat? – No, I ... not get any.

7. I think you ... play tennis better after a bit of practice.

8. She ... dance quite nicely when she was a girl.

Exercise 42. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Мой брат не умеет водить машину.

2. Он не смог запомнить мой адрес.

3. Старые люди не могут забыть войну.

4. Вы говорите по-французски?

5. Я не смогу поверить вам, пока вы не покажите мне это письмо.

6. Она сможет тебя проводить.

7. Вы сможете это сделать сейчас?

8. Она не смогла написать диктант.

9. Джейн умеет рисовать.

10. Мальчик не может читать быстро.

B. The Modal Verb MAY

1. Глагол may употребляется для выражения разрешения выполнить действие. В этом значении глагол may соответствует русскому “можно, могу, можете”: You may use my book. May I smoke here?

2. В значении разрешения глагол may имеет форму прошедшего времени might, которая употребляется в этом значении только в косвенной речи: He said that I might use his pen.

3. Для выражения разрешения выполнить действие в прошедшем и будущем времени употребляется сочетание to be allowed to с эквивалентным значением, после которого инфинитив смыслового глагола стоит с частицей to: He was allowed to leave the room. They’ll be allowed to attend the party.

Exercise 43. Change these sentences into the interrogative and negative.

1. You may take my pen for a moment.

2. You may clean the blackboard.

3. You may change seats with Kate.

4. You may take these books.

5. You may speak now.

6. You may turn on the light.

7. You may open the window.

8. You may go home now.

9. You may sit here.

10. You may go out.

Exercise 44. Change these sentences into the Past.

Example: You may go for a walk now. –

You were allowed to go for a walk yesterday.

1. You may take any book you like.

2. You may smoke in this room.

3. May she have another cup of coffee?

4. Readers may not borrow more than two books at a time.

5. You may keep it till Monday.

6. May I see what Nick has written?

7. You may turn off the light if it disturbs you.

8. Children, you may do this exercise orally.

Exercise 45. Change these sentences into the Future.

Example: May the students leave the room in a few minutes? –

Will you allow the students to leave the room in a few minutes?

1. May I stay away from the classes?

2. May I look up words in the dictionary?

3. May he not do his work now?

4. May the child not eat his soup?

5. May I play the piano in your room?

6. May she not go and see her doctor tonight?

7. May I read this letter to mother?

8. May the children watch this film?

Exercise 46. Complete the sentences with “may, might, be allowed to”.

1. “... I talk to your patient, sister?” he asked.

2. The children ... go for a walk tonight.

3. He said that they ... smoke here.

4. Andrew ... leave school early yesterday because he wasn’t feeling well.

5. She told me that I ... stay a little longer that night.

6. You ... take the book home and keep it for a week.

7. They ... to leave the seats and walk up and down the class.

8. She ... to go home in a few days.

9. ... I ask you to repeat this rule again?

10. Drivers ... go at 60 km an hour here.

Exercise 47. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Можно мне оставить вещи здесь? – Да, пожалуйста.

2. Боюсь, ей не разрешат купаться, она еще слишком слаба.

3. Oни не могут курить в детской комнате.

4. Наконец им разрешили покинуть здание.

5. Мери разрешили выходить из дома через несколько дней.

6. Ученикам не разрешили играть в школе так поздно.

7. Надеюсь, нам разрешат выполнить эту работу.

8. Студенты могут подождать в этой комнате.

9. Он спросил меня, может ли он взять мой велосипед.

10. Ты можешь взять мой зонтик.

C. The Modal Verb MUST

1. Модальный глагол must употребляется для выражения долженствования, необходимости совершить действия, не зависящее от воли говорящего. Must переводится на русский язык словами “должен, нужно, надо, приходится”. You must do your duty. You must stay at home tonight.

2. Глагол must имеет только одну форму, которая относит действие к настоящему или будущему.

3. Для выражения долженствования в прошедшем и будущем времени употребляется модальное выражение to have to.

I had to work late yesterday. I’ll have to work late tomorrow.

В прошедшем времени вопросительная и отрицательная формы модального выражения to have to образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола do.

Did you have to work late yesterday? You didn’t have to work late yesterday.

Exercise 48. A. Say what you must do in the morning.

1. get up early

2. wash yourself

3. air the room

4. do morning exercises

5. make your bed

6. have breakfast

7. clear away the table

8. go to the University

B. Say what you mustn’t do being a student.

1. be late for classes

2. miss classes

3. talk at the lessons

4. prompt each other

5. leave the classroom during lessons

6. interrupt your teacher

7. change places at the lessons

Exercise 49. Complete the following sentences, use the modal verb “must”.

1. If you want to know English well, you ...

2. If he wants to skate well, he ...

3. If I want to cross the street and there is a red light, I ...

4. If you are unwell, you ...

5. If she wants to get to the University in time, she ...

6. If Jane wants to make salad, she ...

7. If the students want to know grammar, they ...

8. If the boys want to win the game, they ...

9. If the boys want to be healthy, they ...

10. If you want to catch the train, you ...

Exercise 50. Change the following sentences into the Past and Future.

Example: You must switch on the radio.

You had to switch on the radio.

You’ll have to switch on the radio.

1. She must do the exercise again.

2. While Mother is absent I must cook our dinner.

3. We must take the 8.30 train to arrive in time.

4. You must always come in time to classes.

5. He must revise all the rules before writing the test.

6. I must go to the laboratory after classes.

7. We must discuss this question with the group leader.

8. He must write an account of his work.

9. You must write a business letter on one side of the paper only.

10. Everyone must leave hats and coats in the cloakroom.

Exercise 51. Rewrite the sentences in the interrogative and negative form.

Example: He has to revise the whole material.

Does he have to revise the whole material?

He doesn’t have to revise the whole material.

1. She has to do these exercises again.

2. We had work hard to learn how to solve such problems.

3. He’ll have to answer her letter without any delay.

4. You’ll have to speak louder to make yourself heard.

5. They had to repeat their experiment.

6. I’ll have to work from morning till night to earn my living.

7. She’ll have to give a talk at the next seminar.

8. We had to change the plan for the experiment.

9. We’ll have to put it off till next seminar.

Exercise 52. Answer these questions. Use the words suggested.

Example: -Why didn’t you stay longer? (go home)

-I had to go home.

1. Why didn’t you come to see us? (write an essay)

2. Why didn’t John ride his bicycle? (repair it)

3. Why didn’t she meet us? (look after Granny)

4. Why didn’t the children play football? (stay at home)

5. Why didn’t Ann learn the poem? (translate the text)

6. Why didn’t she come back in time? (call on her sick friend)

7. Why didn’t she go to the cinema? (do a lot of work about the house)

8. Why didn’t he meet his friend? (go on business trip)

Exercise 53. Rewrite the sentences using “must”.

Example: It is necessary for me to go to the lab after classes.

I must go to the lab after classes.

1. It is necessary for you to read a lot of literature.

2. It is necessary for me to give a paper at the seminar.

3. It is necessary for him to write an account of his work.

4. It is necessary for us to discuss this question with the group leader.

5. It is necessary for them to attend lectures.

6. It is necessary for the students to get ready for their exams.

7. It is necessary for me to get my degree this year.

8. It is necessary for her to brush up her English.

9. It is necessary for them to take their exams as soon as possible.

10. It is necessary for him to improve his intonation and pronunciation.

Exercise 54. Translate the sentences.

1. Вам нужно взять такси, если хотите успеть на поезд.

2. Дети не должны играть со спичками.

3. Мы должны поговорить об этом завтра.

4. В то утро я должен был зайти в банк, поэтому я опоздал на работу.

5. Вы должны сойти на следующей остановке.

6. Им пришлось долго ждать поезда?

7. Нам пришлось остаться дома вчера, так как шел дождь.

8. Когда он должен будет ответить на все эти письма?