E

Very bad - really dreadful, very tired — absolutely exhausted

surprised - astonished big - enormous, huge

xtreme adjectives Some adjectives have ‘strong’ equivalents

:

18. Match the extreme adjectives with the limit ones: hot	furious
good	hilarious
crowded	freezing
interesting	delighted
frightening	packed
silly	ridiculous
nice	terrific
bad	awful
funny	fantastic, excellent
cold	boiling
angry	fascinating, superb
pleased	terrifying
sad	tragic

18. Make newspaper headlines more catchy by rewriting them. Use extreme adjectives to replace the underlined ones.

1. Very cold temperatures in north of country

2. Film star very surprised at Oskar nomination

3. Very sad death of teenager

4. We made some very bad mistakes admits the CEO

5. Dynamo manager very happy with very good performance

6. Prime Minister very angry at opposition’s criticism

7. Very hot weather to continue

Adverb and Adjective collocations:

Limit Adjectives already have very strong meaning: to intensify them we need an extreme adverb

e.g. absolutely exhausted NOT: very exhausted

18. Make adverb and adjective collocations and use them in the

greatly	disappointed
deeply	moved/impressed
bitterly	delighted
perfectly	simple
fully	disturbed
terribly	informed
absolutely	offended

totally	relieved
utterly	destroyed
quite	fascinating/amazing
	obvious
	convinced
	determined
	disgusting

e.g. - What did you think of your exam results?

• I was bitterly disappointed.

• Are you going to take the exam again?

-Yes, I’m quite determined to pass.

Adverb and verb collocations

5. g. I thoroughly approve of the scheme.

I quite agree /strongly resist / sincerely trust, etc. A Political Speech

18. Put one of the following intensifying adverbs into each gap (more than one might be possible).

sincerely seriously completely firmly entirely freely absolutely fully strongly totally distinctly deeply greatly categorically

1. Good evening. First of all, I want to emphasize that my party believes in democracy. у ,r

2. That is why we hope you will vote for us at the next ;

election.

3. There have been some smear campaigns by the opposition, but our j

Minister for Employment denies the allegations that have

been made against him.

4. He admits that several mistakes were made during his tenure of

office. f

5. He regrets that it was necessary to make three ml people

redundant to improve the employment situation.

6. But I doubt whether the opposition could have done any better.

7. I remember that in their last manifesto they said they would

adopt similar measures.

8. They have ignored the fact that world recession has hit every

industrialized nation. I am sure that this nation will refuse to

believe their empty promises when it goes to the polls next Thursday.

agree with our Prime Minister that the road ahead will be tough. _ admire his honesty and tenacity.

I_

I_

He

He

J-

k.

1.

m.

understand the needs of this great nation.

disagrees with people who aren’t tolerant enough to see his

point of view.

So, I advise you to vote for me. Together, we can secure the future.

Compound adjectives 22. Find the Ukrainian equivalents to the following English phrases:

1. old-fashioned

2. open-minded opinion

3. open-plan warehouse

4. over-optimistic

5. high-powered politician

6. high-ranking official

7. high-profile position as CEO

8. high-level negotiations

9. full-fledged lawyer

10. all-inclusive price

11. all-powerful ruler

12. all-round champion

13. many-sided personality

14. long-term loan

15. right-wing party

16. user-oriented edition

17. ill-informed

18. ill-advised

19. short-staffed

20. short-range forecast

21. low-budget spot

22. mid-range market

1. юрист, що отримав освіту

2. вшшвовий політик

3. великої потужності

4. BH3iia^Lnia посада

5. малобюджетний ролик 1)людипа з широким кругозором g)aбcoлютний чемпіон ^старомодний

і)склад з відкритою планіровкою _і)неупереджена, об’єктивна думка

к)тривалий кредит

1. надмірно оптимістичний т)переговори на вищому рівні п)комплексна ціна

о)всемогутній правитель р)високопоставлений чиновник q) короткотри Baj і ий прогноз г)неукомплектований штатами 5)серсдкій ринок t) погано-інформований и)партія правого крила у)орісптоване на користувача видання

23. Read the information about a SLEPT analysis. Think about how the SLEPT factors are affecting agriculture in recent years and make a short PowerPoint presentation (about 10 slides).

    Management of change

Organisations typically change in response to the external environment, as well as through the development of competitive strengths within th

e

organisation. Before creating business plans or when evaluating existing ones it is important to 'scan' the external environment. This takes the form of a SLEPT analysis, i.e. an investigation of the Social, Legal, Economic, Political, and Technological influences on a business.

On top of the above SLEPT factors a major influence on the organisation is what the competition is doing.

External environmental factors include:

• Social factors - relate to pattern of behaviour, tastes, and lifestyles. A major component of this is a change in consumer behaviour resulting from changes in fashions and styles. The age structure of the population also alters over time. An understanding of social change gives business a better feel for the future market situation.

• Legal factors - Laws are continually being updated in a wide range of areas, legal pressures force organisations to change to comply with laws, e.g. by responding to environmental legislation, consumer protection legislation, health & safety and employment law, etc. Businesses need to take a pro-active approach and be ahead of these changes, rather than hurriedly making alterations to products and processes in a reactive way.

• Economic factors - are closely related to social ones. The economy goes through a series of fluctuations associated with booms and slumps in general economic activity. In a boom nearly all businesses benefit and in a slump most lose out. Other economic changes that affect business include changes in the interest rate, wage rates, and the rate of inflation (i.e. general level of increase in prices). Businesses will be more encouraged to expand and take risks when economic conditions are right, e.g. low interest rates and rising demand.

• Political factors relate to wider political changes - for example, changes in government influence: a government taking a particular line on privatisation/the role of the state in society. Political changes are closely tied up with legal changes.

• Technological factors relate to new developments in technology, particularly in terms of modem communication technologies, e.g. new web based selling methods. The creation of databases and electronic communications have enabled vast quantities of information to be shared and quickly distributed in a modem company enabling vast cost reductions, and often improvements in service. Organisations need to be aware of the latest relevant

technologies for their business and to surf the wave of change.

The management of change is a key aspect of the way in which an organisation responds to change in an appropriate way. The emphasis should be on managing the change rather than reacting to change. Kurt Lewin identifies three stages involved in managing change. After identifying the direction of change and how it is to be achieved, you must:

1. Unfreeze the existing way of doing things in the organisation.

2. Change the organisation in the desired direction, and

3. Refreeze the new ways of doing things in the organisation, so that the organisation is now operating in the desired way.

The process of unfreezing, changing and refreezing operates at three levels.

1. It involves changing people and their behaviours.

2. It involves changing organisational structures.

3. It involves changing processes within the organisation. Good communication is an important part of the process of changing the organisation. This involves communicating the direction of change, the objectives, how the change will be carried out and who will be involved.

All industries are influenced by SLEPT factors.

Example: some of the SLEPT factors affecting the airline industry in recent years.

Social: increased popularity of foreign travel leading to a boom in demand for air travel. However, this has been adversely affected by international terrorism.

Legal: there are increasingly tight rules about the materials that need to go into aircraft construction in order to make them safer and more resistant to fire hazards. This has had the impact of raising costs.

Economic: lower interest rates have meant that people have more disposable income to spend on luxuries like long distance air travel. Political: the development of freedom of movement and trade in the European Union has led to greater levels of competition on European routes coupled with increased movement of people.

Technological: modem aircraft are safer and more economic to run than in the past making possible cheap air travel.