- •Обсуждаем социальные и нравственные проблемы современного общества
- •Часть I
- •Isbn 978-5-88983-149-5 © Московский государственный
- •Предисловие
- •The thorn birds
- •3. Translate the following sentences using your active words and expressions (Ex 2).
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary a
- •1. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences.
- •2. Find in the text the English equivalents of the expressions below.
- •4. Find in the text idioms and set expressions, equivalent to the following Russian words and phrases. Use them to translate the sentences below.
- •5. Bring out the contextual meaning of the following phrasal verbs. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with suitable verbs.
- •6. Look up the words below and give their derivatives.
- •7. Think of possible collocations with the following verbs.
- •8. Look up the following synonyms and explain their difference.
- •9. Choose the most suitable word to fill in the gaps.
- •10. Bring out the implicit meaning of the following stretches of text.
- •11. Translate the following situations using the active vocabulary of the lesson.
- •12. Discussion
- •13. Read about the rules of ordering information in discourse (supplement. I) and do the assignments below.
- •A) Make the sentences emphatic using the devices of fronting, inversion and cleft sentences.
- •Vocabulary b
- •1. Read the following sentences and suggest Russian equivalents of the parts in bold type.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions where necessary.
- •3. Translate the sentences below into English using your active vocabulary.
- •4. Retell a newspaper article using your active items (Vocabulary b).
- •5. Render the following situations into English using your active vocabulary (a and b).
- •6. Write a précis of Text 1 (for tips, see supplement. Academic writing). Text 2 one pair of hands
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary a
- •1. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and expressions.
- •Connected with housework
- •Miscellaneous
- •4. Translate the sentences below using your active vocabulary (Ex. 1-3).
- •5. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following English phraseological units. Translate the sentences below into English using suitable idioms.
- •6. Look up the words below and give their derivatives.
- •7. Think of possible collocations with the following words.
- •8. Look up the synonyms below and explain their difference.
- •9. Choose the right word to fill in the gaps.
- •10. Bring out the meaning of the phrasal verbs below and illustrate their usage by your own sentences.
- •11. Use the phrasal verbs listed above to fill in the gaps in the following sentences. Each verb should be used twice.
- •12. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions where necessary.
- •13. Bring out the contextual meaning of the adjectives below and give their Russian equivalents. Think of possible collocations with them.
- •14. Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary of the lesson.
- •15. Look up the English idioms listed below in the left-hand column and match them with the corresponding Russian equivalents in the right-hand column. Use the idioms while discussing the text.
- •16. Discussion
- •17. Read the text given below and do the following assignments:
- •II. To decline – deny – give up – refuse – reject – turn down
- •3. Translate the following sentences into English, using one of the synonyms.
- •To accept – acknowledge − admit – adopt – assume – confess – recognize
- •II. To decline – deny – give up – refuse – reject – turn down
- •4. Make a review of a newspaper article using your active vocabulary. Text 3 there’s no time for “housewife’s blues”
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase or explain the underlined parts of the following stretches of text.
- •2. Find Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use them in situations based on the text.
- •3. Bring out the meaning of the following phrasal verbs and use them to complete the sentences below. Make up sentences of your own to illustrate the given verbs.
- •4. Bring out the meaning of the following set expressions and idioms.
- •5. Use the expressions given above to translate the following sentences.
- •6. Look up the synonyms and explain their difference. Fill in the gaps choosing the most suitable option.
- •9. Translate the following sentences using you active vocabulary.
- •10. Discussion
- •11. Read about means of text cohesion (see supplement: III. Aspects of Cohesion) and do the following assignments.
- •1) Describe the way you usually tidy up your flat/ room. Put the jobs in the right order and make up a cohesive text using suitable link-words, like in the sample below:
- •12. Read the text below and do the following assignments:
- •2) Introduce paragraphs where necessary;
- •3) Give the text a suitable title.
- •Text 4 taking over
- •Exercises
- •2. Paraphrase or explain the following stretches of text paying special attention to their underlined parts.
- •3. Supply Russian equivalents of the words and word combinations below. Reproduce the sentences in which they were used in the text.
- •5. Use the vocabulary items above to translate the following sentences.
- •6. Scan the text again and make up a list of words that denote domestic appliances and kitchen utensils.
- •7. Look up the semantically related words below and explain their difference.
- •9. Translate the following situations using your active vocabulary.
- •10. Bring out the implicit meaning of the following stretches of text.
- •11. Discussion
- •1. Find in the text examples of parallelism (for tips, see supplement: III. Aspects of Cohesion)
- •2. Find in the text the words/ phrases which fit the following definitions.
- •3. Discuss the following.
- •Revision
- •General discussion
- •1. Decide what is most important to you about where you live. Grade the list of items that follow (from 1 to 14). Explain your motives.
- •2. Discuss the following
- •Text 5 family budget
- •Distinguish between Wants and Needs
- •Pay Back Your Debt
- •Concentrate on Your Investments
- •Keep Track of Your Credit Report
- •Exercises
- •Paraphrase or explain the following sentences concentrating on their underlined parts. Think of a good translation of these sentences into Russian.
- •2. Explain the difference between:
- •3. Suggest Russian equivalents of the expressions below.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English using the vocabulary listed above (Ex. 2 and 3).
- •5. Look up the following synonyms and complete the sentences below using the most suitable word in each case.
- •6. Look up the following words and find their derivatives and collocations.
- •7. Translate the situations below using your topical vocabulary.
- •10. Read the following article and do the assignments given below.
- •1. Fill in the gaps with appropriate verbs of reporting, try to avoid repetition. For tips, see supplement: IV. Appropriate language (reporting).
- •2. Bring out the message of the article and discuss it.
- •8. Comment on the following stretches of text.
- •9. Discussion
- •Text 6 class distinctions in modern britain
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase the following sentences focusing on their underlined parts.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents of the following.
- •3. Translate the following sentences using the items listed above.
- •6. Explain the meaning of the idioms below and give their Russian equivalents
- •7. Use the words and expressions mentioned in Ex. 4–6 to translate the following sentences.
- •9. Look up the following synonyms, explain their difference and illustrate them by your own examples.
- •11. Choose the correct word to fill in the gaps.
- •12. Scan the text again and find words/ phrases which mean the same as:
- •13. Comment on expand on the following sentences.
- •14. Find evidence in the text to confirm or to refute the following statements. Make use of the items mentioned in Ex. 12.
- •15. Discussion
- •5) What is the main aspect of social identity in Britain and in Russia?
- •1) Find in the text the following expressions and use them while discussing the questions below.
- •2) Discuss the following.
- •1. Match the definitions with the correct money word:
- •2. Choose the correct word to fill in the gaps.
- •2) Alimony – allowance – benefit – maintenance – pension – welfare
- •3) Gain – interest – proceeds – profit – surplus
- •4) Grant – scholarship – subsidy
- •5) Miscellaneous
- •3. Revise the material of Texts 5 and 6 and render the following into English.
- •6. Render the following article into English and be ready to discuss it.
- •7. Points for discussion
- •Final discussion
- •1. Think of a good translation of the quotations below and comment on them.
- •2. Comment on the proverbs in connection with the topic under discussion.
- •The three fat women of antibes
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary a
- •1. Translate the following stretches of the text into Russian.
- •2. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences.
- •3. Suggest Russian equivalents of the words and expressions below.
- •5. Bring out the meaning and suggest Russian equivalents of the following idioms. Use them in the situations based on the story.
- •6. Translate the following sentences using the words and expressions listed above (Ex. 3 – 5).
- •7. Look up the following phrasal verbs and use them in your own situations.
- •8. Fill in the gaps using the abovementioned phrasal verbs.
- •9. Translate the sentences using the phrasal verbs (Ex.7).
- •13. Look up the following synonyms and explain their difference.
- •14. Fill in the gaps with one of the synonyms.
- •15. Look up the following words related to the concept of eating and discuss their semantic peculiarities; illustrate their usage with examples from the text or your own sentences.
- •16. Match the following definitions with the words above.
- •17. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following set expressions and comment on the symbolic meaning of their word-components denoting animals.
- •A) Match the method of cooking and its definition.
- •19. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable word.
- •20. Translate the following situations using the active vocabulary of the unit.
- •21. Comment on the following sentences in connection with the text and bring out their implicit meaning.
- •22. Discussion
- •23. Make up character sketches of Arrow, Beatrice, Frank, and Lena Finch.
- •24. Read the following text and do the assignments below.
- •In search of english food
- •Vocabulary b
- •1. Learn the following words and expressions.
- •2. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. Pay special attention to the parts in bold type.
- •3. Look up the following synonyms and try to explain their difference. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with one of the synonyms.
- •4. Use your active expressions to translate the sentences below.
- •5. Make a review of current news using your active words and expressions (Vocabulary b). Text 2 ten tips on healthy eating
- •Exercises
- •1. Interpret the following sentences.
- •2. Find in the text the following words and word-combinations and translate them into Russian.
- •5. Look up the phrasal verbs and use them to complete the sentences below.
- •6. Translate the following sentences using your active vocabulary (Ex. 2–4)
- •7. Look up the synonyms and be ready to discuss their difference.
- •8. Use the most suitable word to fill in the gaps in the sentences below.
- •9. 1) Fill in the blanks in the following item with the words given below. Each word may be used only once.
- •2) Give some other examples of a special diet. Specify the peculiarities of food selection in each case.
- •1) Find in the text the expressions below and give their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Discuss the following questions using your topical vocabulary.
- •11. Read the following item and do the assignments given below.
- •1) Scan the text and find in it words and expressions which mean the same as:
- •2) Discuss the text, express your opinion of the recent trends in food manufacturing and people’s eating habits.
- •Revision
- •General discussion
- •I. Study the table below and comment on the facts given there.
- •II. Read the following quotations and comment on them.
- •III. Translate the statements below and discuss them.
- •IV. Comment on the following proverbs and sayings in connection with the problems under discussion.
- •Valley of the dolls
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences.
- •2. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions. Make up sentences of your own to illustrate their use.
- •3. Bring out the meaning of the following phraseological units and give their Russian equivalents. Use these expressions to translate the sentences below.
- •4. Find out the meaning of the following phrasal verbs and make up sentences of your own to illustrate their usage.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrasal verb.
- •6. Match the adjectives with their definitions. Think of their possible collocations and translate them into Russian.
- •7. Look up the following words and find out their possible derivatives and collocations.
- •8. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable word.
- •9. Translate the following situations using your active vocabulary (Ex. 1 – 8).
- •10. Comment on the following statements. Bring out their implicit meaning.
- •11. Discussion
- •Questions
- •13. Comment on the following.
- •Good beer and good cheer top pubs list
- •15. Read the article connie, 70, campaigns for legal recreational drugs (Reader) and do the following assignments.
- •1) Sum up the article using the words/ expressions below.
- •2. Discuss the following questions.
- •17. Render the following into English using your topical vocabulary.
- •Text 4 louise
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase the sentences below. Pay special attention to their underlined parts.
- •2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Russian and use them in situations based on the story.
- •3. Use the expressions above to translate the following.
- •4. Look up the following phrasal verbs in a dictionary and comment on their contextual meanings. Use the verbs to fill in the gaps in the sentences below.
- •5. Match the following idioms with their definitions and then use them in the sentences below.
- •6. Look up the following synonymous and semantically related words. Explain their difference and illustrate them by your own examples.
- •7. Describe the characters of the story using the words and expressions below.
- •Louise’s husbands: Tom Maitland and George Hobhouse
- •8. Bring out the implicit meaning of the following stretches of text.
- •9. Translate the following story using the material of the text (Ex 1 - 7).
- •10. Discussion
- •1) Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions:
- •2) Discuss the following questions using the material of the unit and the additional vocabulary (above).
- •Write a précis of the article. Text 5 a woman of substance
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following expressions.
- •A) connected with one’s health and medicine
- •7. Translate the following situations using the active vocabulary of the unit.
- •8. Discussion
- •9. Sum up the Russian article below in English using your active vocabulary.
- •Final discussion
- •II. Comment on the following proverbs and sayings in connection with the problems under discussion.
- •III. Write an essay on one of the following topics.
- •Exercises
- •2. Paraphrase or explain the stretches of text below paying special attention to the underlined parts of the sentences.
- •3. Look up the following words and expressions from the text and give their Russian equivalents. Use them in situations based on the text.
- •4. Use the vocabulary items above to translate the following sentences.
- •6. Complete the following sentences using the above given verbs.
- •7. Look up the set expressions/ words below and give their Russian equivalents.
- •9. Match the adjectives on the left with their synonyms or definitions on the right. Sort them out according to the type of their evaluation.
- •11. Comment on the stretches of text below and bring out their implicit meaning. Pay special attention to the words and phrases with a symbolic meaning.
- •12. Discussion
- •1. Vocabulary work
- •2. Collect all relevant information necessary to discuss the main issues of the text outlined below:
- •3. Interpret the following concepts.
- •3. Write a summary of the text. Text 2 The Love Nest
- •Exercises
- •1. Bring out the meaning of the following stretches of text. Pay special attention to their underlined parts.
- •2. Translate the following word combinations into Russian and use them in situations based on the text.
- •3. Match the adjectives on the left with their synonyms or definitions on the right. Think of possible collocations with the given adjectives.
- •5. Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs above.
- •6. Translate the sentences below using your active vocabulary (Ex. 1 – 5).
- •7. Look up the idiomatic expressions below and define their meaning. Comment on their stylistic reference. How does their use characterize a person?
- •10. Discussion
- •Text 3 to marry someone you are crazy about is the greatest blessing of your life
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase or explain the following sentences. Pay special attention to their underlined parts.
- •4. Look up the following phrasal verbs and bring out their contextual meaning. Use the verbs to fill in the gaps in the sentences below.
- •6. Explain the difference between:
- •7. Look up the following idioms, bring out their meaning and illustrate their usage by examples from literary works you know.
- •11. Render the following article into English using your active vocabulary (Ex. 3–7, 10).
- •13. Comment on the following stretches of text.
- •14. Discussion
- •9) Comment on the saying Marriages are made in heaven.
- •The downsized male
- •Sometimes it's hard to be a man
- •What a man's got to do
- •Big boys do cry
- •The alpha male lives
- •Exercises
- •2. Paraphrase or explain the following paying special attention to the underlined parts of the sentences.
- •3. Find in the text the following words and expressions and translate them.
- •4. Use the vocabulary above to translate the situations.
- •5. Use the phrasal verbs to complete the sentences below.
- •6. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following set expressions. Translate the sentences given below.
- •8. Explain the function of the underlined prefixes. Add your own examples to each of the rows below.
- •9. Use the material of Text 4 to render the following into English.
- •10. Before discussing the article scan the text again and do the linguistic analysis outlined below.
- •11. Discussion
- •Revision
- •Лечебная сила семьи
- •Счастье на двоих
- •Final discussion
- •1. Bring out the meaning of the following proverbs and comment on them in connection with the problems discussed in the unit.
- •2. Think of a good translation of the following quotations and give your comment on them.
- •3. Points for discussion
- •5. Write an essay on one of the following topics.
- •(By Irvin Shaw) Exercises
- •2. Paraphrase or explain the following stretches of text paying special attention to the underlined parts of the sentences.
- •3. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases from the text.
- •4. Use the words and expressions listed above to translate the following sentences.
- •5. 1) Match the adjectives on the left with their synonyms or definitions on the right.
- •6. Look up the synonyms below and explain their difference.
- •7. Fill in the gaps with one of the synonyms listed above.
- •8. Look up the following set expressions, bring out their meaning and suggest their Russian equivalents. Use the expressions to translate the sentences below.
- •10. Translate the following into English using your active vocabulary (Ex. 3 – 9) and the material of the text.
- •11. Before discussing the text study the additional material given below.
- •What do the following idiomatic expressions mean?
- •Work with partners. Take turns asking and answering the questions below. Use the above mentioned phrasal verbs and idioms in your answers.
- •12. Discussion
- •13. Write an essay about a relationship which has had an important influence on you. Use the material of the unit.
- •14. Read the following story and do the assignments below. Дом, полный любви
- •1. Render the text into English using the material of the unit, as well as the expressions below.
- •2. Interpretation questions
- •Text 2 the old folks’ christmas
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase or explain the following sentences paying special attention to their underlined parts.
- •2. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian and use them in situations based on the text.
- •3. Look up the following phrasal verbs from the text and bring out their contextual meaning. Complete the sentences below with the right verbs.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English using the vocabulary listed above (Ex. 2-3).
- •6. Explain the difference between the synonyms below and fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the most suitable words.
- •7. Translate the following situations using your active vocabulary.
- •1) Find in the text of the article and translate the following expressions:
- •2) Discuss the following points, using your active vocabulary and the expressions listed above.
- •9. Discussion
- •10. The paragraphs c – h of the text below are presented in a jumbled list. Decide where each paragraph fits. Look out for cultural-historical references and discourse markers.
- •Text 3 teenagers in turmoil
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase or explain the following sentences.
- •2. Look up the following adjectives and nouns. State their contextual meaning in the given text. Make use of these words while discussing the problem of parent – child relationship.
- •3. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and make up your own situations based on the text.
- •4. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following idioms. Use them, as well as the expressions above (Ex 3) to translate the sentences below.
- •5. Look up the following phrasal verbs and bring out their contextual meaning. Use them to complete the sentences below
- •6. Find out the difference between the following synonymous words and expressions. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the most suitable word.
- •A) Adolescent (adolescence) – teenage – young (youth)
- •7. Translate the following using your active vocabulary.
- •9. Discussion
- •10. Read the text below and do the assignment that follow it.
- •1) Find in the text the following expressions and translate them into Russian. Use them while discussing the points given below.
- •2) Questions
- •11. Render the following article into English using the material of the unit.
- •Text 4 all over bar the shouting
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary а
- •1. Paraphrase or explain the following paying special attention to the underlined parts of the sentences.
- •2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Russian and use them in situations based on the text.
- •3. Look up the following phrasal verbs and bring out their contextual meaning. Complete the sentences below using the appropriate verbs.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary (Ex.2 – 4).
- •6. Look up the words below and give their derivatives and collocations.
- •7. Bring out the meaning of the following idiomatic expressions and suggest their Russian equivalents. Translate the sentences given below.
- •8. Look up the following synonyms and explain their difference. Use the most suitable word to fill in the gaps in the sentences below.
- •Vocabulary b
- •1. Look up the following synonyms and explain their difference. Translate the sentences below into Russian.
- •2. Complete the following sentences using the most suitable synonym (Ex. 1).
- •3. Learn the following words, expressions and patterns.
- •4. Translate the following into Russian. Pay special attention to the parts in bold type.
- •5. Translate the following situations into English using vocabulary b.
- •6. Discuss the following points using your active vocabulary (a and b).
- •8. Render the following article into English using the material of the unit. Грязные слова
- •1) Translate the following words and word-combinations into Russian and use them while discussing the article.
- •2) Discuss the following.
- •10. Read the following article and do the assignments below.
- •1) Find in the text words and phrases that mean the same as:
- •2) Bring out the meaning of the underlined parts of the text and comment on them in connection with the problem raised in the article.
- •3) Points for discussion
- •Text 5 absolute truths
- •(By Susan Howatch) Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase the following stretches of text paying special attention to the underlined parts of the sentences.
- •2. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions and use them to translate the sentences below.
- •4. Explain the meanings of the following phrasal verbs and make up sentences of your own illustrating them.
- •5. Translate the following sentences using the above-mentioned idioms and phrasal verbs.
- •7. Look up the following words and find out their possible derivatives and collocations. Use them to translate the sentences below.
- •8. Look up the following synonyms, explain their difference and translate them into Russian. Complete the sentences below with the most suitable word.
- •9. Translate the following situations using your active vocabulary (Ex. 2 – 8).
- •11. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and make sure you pronounce them correctly.
- •14. Discussion
- •1) Find in the text and translate the following words and expressions into Russian. Be ready to use them while discussing the article.
- •2) Make up an additional list of words relevant to the problem of adoption.
- •3) Discuss the following.
- •16. Reading for detail
- •How it feels to be raised in an orphanage
- •1) Find in the text words and phrases that mean the same as:
- •2) Bring out the meaning of the underlined parts of the text.
- •3) Use the following idiomatic expressions to translate the sentences given below.
- •4) Use the language material of the text to discuss the following issues.
- •17. Render the following article into English using your active vocabulary and the expressions given below.
- •Text 7 thicker than water
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary a
- •1. Paraphrase the following paying special attention to the underlined parts of the sentences.
- •2. Find in the text the following expressions and translate them into Russian. Use them in situations based on the text.
- •3. Scan the text again and write out words and phrases pertaining to law and legal proceedings. Make up your own sentences to illustrate their use.
- •4. Look up the following idioms and suggest their Russian equivalents. Translate the sentences given below.
- •5. Look up the following phrasal verbs and bring out their contextual meaning. Complete the sentences below using the most suitable verb.
- •6. Look up the following synonyms and explain their difference. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with the most suitable word.
- •7. Translate the following into English using your active vocabulary.
- •8. Discussion
- •1) Find in the article the words and expressions below and translate them into Russian.
- •2) Use the vocabulary listed above while discussing the following points.
- •Vocabulary b
- •2. Look up the following words and collocations and suggest their Russian equivalents.
- •4. Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate word.
- •6. There are many crimes and offences apart from the few mentioned above.
- •7. Read the following text and put each of the words below into its correct place. Discuss the problem raised in the article.
- •1) Make up a list of words and expressions related to the subject of crime and punishment to add to your active vocabulary (b).
- •2) Discuss the points below using the material of the article.
- •Final discussion
- •1. Bring out the meaning of the following proverbs and comment on them in connection with the problems discussed in the unit.
- •2. Think of a good translation of the following quotations and give your comment on them
- •3. Render the following quotations into English.
- •4. Talking points
- •5. Write an essay on one of the topics.
- •Reader Text 1 the politics of housework
- •Text 2 being a househusband
- •Text 3 the us public welfare
- •Imagine a world of givers
- •Text 5 control your food cravings
- •Text 6 another gene genie out of the bottle
- •Text 7 connie, 70, campaigns for legal recreational drugs
- •Text 8 beauty of the body
- •Text 9 health: a game of skill or a game of chance?
- •Text 10 the family unit
- •(Compiled from www.Socialevils.Org.Uk/the-decline-of-the-family.Html Text 11 city girl
- •Text 12 perfect match
- •Text 13 what’s wrong with marrying for love
- •Text 14 romantic love
- •Text 15 margaret thatcher. Biography
- •Text 16 parents are too permissive with their children nowadays a Parent Must Tell Children “I’m in charge”
- •Text 17 what’s in a name? Would you believe a man named Lynn, a woman named Douglas and a boy named Sue?
- •Text 18 confessions of a totally cool mom
- •Text 19 payback for a punk
- •Text 20 should it be a crime to hit your child
- •Text 21 when parents become victims
- •Text 22 the instant family that fell apart Adopting children with deep emotional scars can lead to serious problems in adolescence.
- •Text 23 raising a g-rated child in an X-rated world1
- •Text 24 crime in america: it is going to get worse
- •The average state inmate admits to committing more than a dozen crimes in the year before entering prison.
- •Supplement Features of Discourse
- •Ordering information
- •Cleft sentences
- •3) Inversion
- •II. Rhetoric and paragraphing
- •Types of Paragraphs
- •Aspects of cohesion
- •1) Text reference
- •2) Ellipsis
- •3) Substitution
- •4) Lexical cohesion
- •5) Conjunction/ discourse markers
- •6) Grammar cohesion/ parallelism
- •IV. Appropriate language
- •Reporting
- •Making a comment
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The main part: the content of the article
- •3. Summing up
- •Here are some other useful expressions for reviewing articles:
- •Samples
- •Academic writing
- •1. Essay
- •2) Structuring
- •3) Why and how you should quote
- •4) Editing your writing
- •Paraphrase
- •To think/ believe, suppose that…
- •3. Summary
- •5. Outlining
- •Contents
- •Text 1. The Thorn Birds (an extract)……………………………………...……….5
- •Обсуждаем социальные и нравственные проблемы современного общества
- •Часть I
Text 7 thicker than water
(condensed)
Vernon Wedge didn't want to see the old man. Olga, his secretary, gave Blesker a sub-zero reception, but he sat on in the attorney’s waiting room. His shoulders were rigid, his crooked fingers interlaced, his chalky face a portrait of stubbornness and determination. Finally, Vernon had to yield.
“Sit down, Mr. Blesker,” he said wearily, pointing to the leather chair in his office. “I know why you're here; my phone’s been ringing all morning.” The old man looked befuddled. “Please,” he said. “I just come about my boy ...”
“Yes, I’ve read the newspaper. And I suppose you think your kid’s innocent?”
“He is!”
“Naturally. You’re his father. Have you talked to him since it happened?”
“I came from the prison this morning. They’re not treating him good. He looks skinny.”
“He’s only been in custody a few days, Mr. Blesker. I doubt if they’re starving him. Look,” Vernon said testily, “your boy is accused of knifing another kid in the street. That’s what happened. You know how many witnesses there are? You know the kind of evidence the district attorney has?”
“I know he’s innocent,” the old man said. “That’s what I know. Benjy’s a good, serious boy.”
“Sure,” Vernon frowned. “They’re all good boys, Mr. Blesker, until they start running with a street pack. Then they’re something else.” He was almost shouting now. “Mr. Blesker, the State will pick an attorney for your son.”
“I have money,” Blesker whispered. “The family, we all got together. I run a fuel oil business; I’m selling the big truck. I can pay what you ask, Mr. Wedge.”
“It's not a question of money —”
“Then it’s a question of what?” The old man was suddenly truculent. “Whether he’s guilty or not? You decided that already, Mr. Wedge?”
Vernon couldn’t meet the challenge, it was too close to the truth. He had prejudged the case from the newspaper stories, and knew from the accounts that this was one client he could live without. His record was too good. What was worse, he had lost his last client. Every criminal lawyer is allowed a few adverse verdicts; but two in a row?
“Mr. Blesker,” he said miserably, “will you tell me why you picked me?”
“Because I heard you were good.”
“Do you know what happened in my last case?”
Obstinate: “I heard you were good, Mr. Wedge.”
“You told every reporter in town that you intended hiring me. That puts me in a very compromising position. And you, too. Do you know how it’ll look if I turn you down? Like I think your boy is guilty, that the case is hopeless.”
“I didn’t mean any harm,” the old man said fumblingly. “I just wanted to get the best for Benjy.” He was getting teary. “Don’t turn me down, Mr. Wedge.”
Vernon knew a lost cause when he saw one; perhaps he had known from the start how this interview would end. His voice softened.
“I didn’t say your boy is guilty, Mr. Blesker. All I say is that he’s got a bad case. A very bad case.”
Motionless, the old man waited. “All right,” Vernon sighed. “I’ll think it over.”
The police blotter had Benjy Blesker’s age down as seventeen. He looked
younger. The frightened eyes gave him a look of youthful bewilderment. Vernon wasn't taken in by it; he had seen many innocent-looking, baby-faced, but ice-hearted killers.
The boy’s cell was clean, and Benjy bore no marks of ill-treatment. When Vernon walked in, he asked him for a cigarette. Vernon hesitated, then shrugged and offered the pack. “Why not?” he said. “If you're old enough to be here ...”
Benjy lit up and dropped a tough mask over his boyish features. “You the lawyer my old man hired?”
“That's right. My name's Vernon Wedge.”
“When do I get out of here?”
“You don’t, not until the trial. They’ve refused bail.”
“When’s the trial?”
“Don’t rush it,” Vernon growled. “And don’t think this is going to be easy.”
Benjy leaned back, casual. “I didn’t cut that guy,” he said evenly. “I didn’t have anything to do with it.”
Vernon grunted, and pulled a sheet of handwritten notes out of his pocket.
“You admitted that you knew Kenny Tarcher.”
“Sure I knew him. We went to Manual Trades2 together.”
“Kenny was a member of a gang called the Aces. You ever ran with them?”
“With that bunch?” Benjy sneered, and blew a column of smoke. “I was a Baron. The Barons don’t take up with those bums.”
“Never mind,” Vernon snapped. “We can talk about your social life later. You were a Baron and Kenny was an Ace, so that made you natural enemies. You had a rumble last month, and this Kenny Tarcher beat up on you pretty good. Don’t give me any arguments about this, it’s ancient history.”
Benjy’s mouth was quivering. “Look, Mr. Wedge, we don’t have that kind of gang. You know Mr. Knapp —”
“The youth worker? I’ve just come from him.”
“He’ll tell you about the Barons, Mr. Wedge. We’re not a bunch of hoods. We got a basketball team and everything.”
Vernon smothered a smile. “Why do you carry a knife, Benjy?”
“It's no switchblade, Mr. Wedge. It’s more like a boy scout knife; I mean, they sell ’em all over. I use it for whittlin’ and stuff like that.”
“Whittling?” It was hard to hide the sneer. The end of Benjy’s cigarette flared, as did his temper.
“Look, whose side are you on. I didn’t stick Kenny, somebody else did!”
“Take it easy. I’m not making accusations, kid; that’s the court’s job. Now sit back and relax. I’m going over the story, from the police side, and then you can tell me where they’re wrong. Every little thing, understand?”
Benjy swallowed hard. Then he nodded.
“It was ten minutes to midnight on June 21,” Vernon said, watching him.
“You and two other guys were walking down Thurmond Street. Kenny came out of a building on Thurmond. You bumped into each other, and there was some horseplay. The next thing that happens, you and your pals start running down the street. Kenny falls down and tries to crawl to the stoop of the house. There were two people on the steps. They saw you running. They saw Kenny die, right in front of them. He had an eight-inch gash in his stomach ... Ten minutes later, the cops caught up with you in your old man’s fuel supply store on Chester Street. The knife was still in your pocket.” He paused.
“I didn’t cut him,” the boy said grimly. “All the rest of that stuff, that’s true.”
“Who were the other two guys with you?"
“I never saw ’em before. I met ’em in the movies.”
“Don’t give me that!”
“What the hell do you want from me?” Benjy bellowed. “I tell you I don’t know those guys! One of them must have done it, I didn’t! When I saw he was hurt, I ran. That’s all it was!”
“You had the knife —”
“I didn’t use it!”
“That knife is Exhibit A,” the lawyer said. “You know that, don’t you? The witnesses saw you holding it —”
“Leave me alone! You ain’t here to help me!”
“I am, Benjy. But the only way you can be helped is to cop a plea1. I want you to plead guilty. Believe me, it’s the only sensible thing to do. You put this case to a jury, and I swear you’ll be spending the rest of your life in a cage. Plead guilty, and the worst you’ll get is twenty years. That’s not so bad as it sounds; you’ll be eligible for parole in five.”
“I won’t do it!” Benjy screamed. “I'm innocent! I’m not goin’ to jail for something I didn’t do!”
Vernon sighed. The corners of his mouth softened, and he dropped a hand on the boy’s shoulder. “Listen,” he said gently. “I really want to help you, son.”
For a moment, Benjy was still. Then he threw off the arm of sympathy, and snarled at the attorney: “I’m not your son! I’ve got a father!”
Like father, like son, Vernon thought wryly, looking at the mulish mouth and marble eyes of the old man. He was sure Blesker had a softer side. Under other circumstances, he would smile and tell jokes and hum old-country tunes. Now, faced with the lawyer’s blunt advice, he was hard as a rock.
“You’ve got to talk some sense into him,” Vernon said. “He doesn’t know what’s good for him. If he pleads guilty to murder in the second degree, the judge will be lenient.”
“But he goes to prison? For something he didn’t do?”
“You’re his father, Mr. Blesker. You’re ignoring facts.”
“The facts are wrong!” Blesker put his fists on his knees and pounded them once. When he looked up again, there was a new mood in his eyes. “You tell me something, Mr. Wedge … You don’t like to lose cases, am I right? That’s what they say about you … So if my boy pleads guilty, you lose nothing. You still have your good record, right?”
Unable to refute this accurate estimate of his inner thoughts, Vernon tried to summon up an angry denial and failed. He shrugged his shoulders.
“All right,” he said grudgingly. “So we plead Not Guilty. I’ll do everything I can to make it stick.”
Blesker examined his face for signs of sincerity. He seemed satisfied.
Vernon came to the courtroom on the opening day with a heart as heavy as his briefcase. Surprisingly, the first day didn’t go badly. Judge Angus Dwight had been assigned to the bench. In spite of his sour look, Vernon knew him to be scrupulously fair and sneakily sentimental. Wickers, the prosecuting attorney, was a golden-haired Adonis with a theatrical delivery, a keen mind and an appeal for the ladies. Fortunately, the impaneled jurors were men with only two exceptions, and they were women far past the age of coquetry. During the first hour, Wickers’ facetiousness in his opening remarks drew a rebuke from the judge concerning the seriousness of the affair; Vernon’s hopes lifted a notch.
But it was his only good day. On the second afternoon, Wickers called a man named Sol Dankers to the witness chair.
“Mr. Dankers,” he said smoothly, “you were present at the time of Kenneth Tarcher’s slaying, isn’t that so?”
“That’s right,” Dankers said heavily. “I was sittin’ on the stoop, when these kids started foolin’ around. Next thing I know, one of ’em’s stumblin’ to the stoop, bleedin’ like a pig. He drops dead right at the feet of me and my Missus. And I seen that boy, the one over there, runnin’ away with a knife in his hand.”
Then it was Vernon’s turn.
“Mr. Dankers, is it true your eyesight is impaired?”
“True enough. I’m sixty-two, son, wait ’til you’re my age.”
He drew a laugh and a rap of the gavel.
“It was almost midnight on a street not particularly well lit. Yet you saw a knife —” he pointed to the table where Exhibit A rested — “that knife, in Benjamin Blesker’s hand?”
“It was sort of flashin’ in the light, if you know what I mean. But to tell you the truth, I wouldn’t have noticed it if Mrs. Dankers hadn’t said, ‘Look at that boy, he’s got a knife!’”
The crowd buzzed, and Vernon frowned at the inadvertent hearsay testimony. The damage was done; he didn’t even bother to voice a complaint. Mrs. Dankers testified next; there was nothing wrong with her eyes, she said stoutly, and she knew a knife when she saw one.
But it was the third witness who did the most harm. He was Marty Knapp, a dedicated youth worker serving the neighbourhood.
“No, Benjy isn’t a bad kid,” he said thoughtfully. “But he has a temper. And he never forgave Kenny Tarcher for the beating he gave him.”
“Then, in your opinion,” Wickers said triumphantly, “this might have been a grudge killing? Not just a sudden assault, but a deliberate, cold-blooded —”
Vernon was on his feet, shouting objections. Judge Dwight took his side at once, but the impression was indelible in the collective mind of the jury. When Vernon sat down again, he felt as forlorn as Benjy Blesker looked.
On the eve of the fourth day, he went to see him.
“What do you say, Benjy?” he said quietly. “You see the way things are going? I’m pulling out the whole bag of tricks, but I’m not fooling anybody.”
“Try harder!” Benjy snapped.
“If I knew how to work miracles, I’d work one. Look, this state doesn’t like to hang kids, but it’s happened before —”
“Hang?” the boy said incredulously. “You’re crazy!”
“If you get life, you know what that means? Even if you get paroled in twenty years, you’ll be thirty-seven years old, almost middle-aged, with a record.”
There were tears flooding Benjy’s eyes. It was the first sign of a crumbling defense, and the lawyer moved in swiftly.
“Plead guilty,” he said earnestly. “Plead guilty Benjy, it’s not too late.”
The boy’s head snapped up.
“No!” he screamed. “I didn’t do it!”
There was a week-end hiatus before the trial resumed. Vernon Wedge spent the time thinking. It was the old man’s fault, he thought bitterly. It was old man Blesker who was behind all the trouble. His faith in Benjy was the indomitable, obstinate faith of the fanatic. Even if the boy was guilty, concern for his father would prevent him from admitting the truth.
It was then that the idea was born. …
He found Dr. Hagerty in the basement laboratory of the hospital. He was a white-haired man with shoulders rounded from years of bending over microscopes, and he smelt vaguely of sulphur. He turned out to be ignorant of the trial. Vernon summed up the facts briefly, and then talked about blood.
“Were there no benzidine tests made?” Hagerty said quickly.
“Yes,” Vernon admitted, “and the test proved negative. There weren’t any bloodstains on the knife, you understand, it was clean. The prosecution claims that all traces were wiped or washed off. It’s never been much of an issue up till now. But I once heard you talk about a more sensitive test …”
“There is,” Hagerty grunted. “Benzidine is the standard blood test in this city, but there’s another one. But it’s not always employed. It’s called the reduced phenol-phthalein test, and, depending on a couple of factors, it might be just what you’re looking for.”
“What factors?”
“The quality of the blade material, for one thing. And even if the metal is porous enough to retain microscopic particles of blood, it may be impossible to determine whose. Even if your boy ever cut his finger … If there were bloodstains on it from years ago, this test would show it up.”
“Thank you,” Vernon said humbly. “You’ve saved my life, Doc.”
“Your life?” Hagerty asked dryly.
When Vernon entered Benjу’s cell, the boy was reading a pulp magazine with
intense concentration. He seemed detached, disinterested. Vernon understood it; he had seen this rupture before in the mood of the condemned.
“Listen to me,” he said harshly. “Listen well. I’ve got an idea that might save you, but I have to know the truth. There’s a test. A test that can determine whether or not there was ever blood on that knife of yours.”
“So?”
“If you stabbed that boy, a solution is going to turn pink and you can kiss your freedom good-by. What’s more, if you ever cut anybody with that knife, even yourself, it’ll turn pink. So, was there ever blood on that knife?”
“No! It was brand new. I never cut anybody with it.”
“This is scientific stuff, boy, don’t think you can fool a test tube!”
“I said it’s clean!”
“Okay. We’ll see how clean it is. And God help you if you lied to me.”
On Monday, Wickers rose to make his final peroration. He was bland-faced, a picture of confidence. Vernon looked at the vacant faces of the jurors, waiting for their emotional rubdown. But he wasn’t going to allow it.
He stood up, and addressed Judge Dwight.
“Your Honor, something occurred over the weekend which I consider of paramount importance to this case. I ask the court’s permission to introduce new evidence.”
“Objection,” Wickers said calmly. “The defense has had sufficient time for the introduction of evidence. I suggest this is a delaying tactic.”
Vernon looked defeated, but he was only playing possum. Judge Dwight prompted him: “What sort of evidence, Mr. Wedge?”
“It’s a demonstration, your Honor,” he said weakly. “In my opinion, it will clearly establish my client’s guilt or innocence. But if the court rules —”
“Very well, Mr. Wedge, you may proceed.”
Quickly, Vernon undid the clasps of the black box, in front of him. He removed the wide-mouthed beaker, and then the foil lid that covered it. He brought the murky solution to the bench that held the trial exhibits.
“This, your Honor, is a chemical solution specifically formulated for the detection of blood.”
The courtroom buzzed; on the prosecution’s side of the room, there was a hurried consultation.
Vernon faced the jurors.
“Ladies and gentlemen, Exhibit A in this case is the knife which presumably killed Kenneth Tarcher. This is the knife which was in the possession of Benjamin Blesker the night of the slaying. Yet not one shred of testimony has been heard during this trial concerning the vital factor of blood.”
He picked up the knife, and sprung the long, shining blade.
“This knife!” he said, waving it in the air. “Look at it carefully. It has never left the court’s possession since my client’s arrest. Yet this clean, shiny blade can still tell a story of guilt or innocence. For as every biochemist knows, there is an infallible test which can determine whether an object of such porous metal has ever been stained with even one drop of blood. Ladies and gentlemen, I intend to prove once and for all whether I have been defending a boy falsely accused, or a lying murderer. I intend to dip this blade in the solution. If it turns pink — you must punish him for his guilt. If it remains clear — you must do what is just, and set him free.”
Slowly, he brought the knife down.
“Your Honor! Objection!” Wickers was on his feet, and Vernon halted.
“This performance is irrelevant, immaterial and completely improper!” Wickers whirled to the jury. “At no time during this trial has the prosecution denied the absence of blood on Benjamin Blesker’s knife. Any so-called ‘test’ that corroborates this is completely gratuitous, and is intended as pure theatrics to mislead the jury, I demand this farcical demonstration be stopped!”
There was a moment’s silence. Vernon looked up at the judge hopefully, waiting. Dwight folded his hands.
“Mr. Wedge, I’m afraid you're not in a position to qualify as an expert in forensic chemistry. And, as Mr. Wickers says, mere corroboration of the police laboratory report is gratuitous evidence that cannot be properly admitted. Therefore, the objection is sustained.”
“But your Honor —”
“Sustained,” Judge Dwight said gravely. “You cannot make the test.”
His summation was the briefest of his career.
“I believe this because of a test I was not permitted to make. This boy knew that the results of this test might have condemned him, yet he told me to proceed. No guilty man would have allowed it; no innocent man would have had it any other way.”
The jury was out less than an hour. When they returned, they declared that Benjamin Blesker was innocent.
Vernon was permitted the use of an adjoining chamber for a meeting with his client. It wasn't a victory celebration. The boy seemed stunned, and the happiness in old man Blesker’s face looked more like sorrow. When the lawyer entered the room, he stood up shakily and held out his hand.
“God bless you,” he whispered. “Bless you for what you did.”
“I didn’t come to be congratulated,” Vernon said coldly. “I wanted to see you both for another reason.”
The bailiff entered, and placed the beaker on the desk. When he left, Vernon took the knife out of his pocket, and put it down beside the beaker. The old man picked it up, and looked at the weapon as if he had never seen it before.
“Wickers was right,” Vernon said flatly. “What I did out there was theatrics. I did not want to make the demonstration; I counted on the prosecution halting it.”
“You didn’t want to make the test?” Blesker said blankly.
“I could have gotten an expert, a real one, like Doc Hagerty. But I didn’t want to take the chance; if this stuff had turned red ...” He looked at the beaker and frowned. “No,” he said. “The risk was too great. If Wickers had played along, I would have been forced to do it. But I figured they would object, and the jury would be impressed the right way. They were, thank God. But now there’s something we have to do. Something to satisfy us all.”
Vernon looked at the boy. Benjy wouldn’t meet his eyes.
“I still don’t know the truth,” the lawyer said. “I don’t know it, and neither do you. Only Benjy here knows it. Give me the knife, Mr. Blesker. We’re going to make the test the judge wouldn’t allow. For our own sakes.”
“But why?” the old man cried. “What difference does it make?”
“Because I want to know! Even if you don’t, Mr. Blesker. Give me the knife.”
Blesker picked up the knife. He touched its cool blade thoughtfully. Then, slowly, he drew the blade deliberately across the back of his hand. The sharp edge bit deep. Blood welled like a crimson river in the cut and stained his hand, his cuff, his sleeve, the surface of the desk. He looked at the wound sadly, indifferently, and then handed the dripping weapon to the attorney.
“Make your test,” he said dreamily. “Make your test now, Mr. Wedge.”
And as Vernon stared at him, he removed a crumpled handkerchief from his pocket and wound it about his injured hand. Then he took his son's arm, and they left the room together.
(by Henry Slesar)
