Notes to the texts:

under … conditions – за … умови

Nobel Prize – Нобелівська премія

IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:

1. What are the two fundamental conditions for life? 2. What are enzymes? 3. What do enzymes control? 4. What are substrates? 5. What roles do substrates play? 6. What process do enzymes determine in a cell? Give its definition. 7. Why do the chemical reactions taking place within a red blood cell differ from those that occur within a nerve cell? 8. What practical significance does the study of enzymes have? 9. When and by whom was it proved that all enzymes are proteins? 10. What did James Sumner receive for his discovery?

Vocabulary exercises

I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:

to control; extraordinary; to stabilize; a degree; under … conditions; to take place; to differ from; to have immense practical importance; excessive; to collect; to remain controversial; for some time; with the exception of; to know for sure.

II. Choose the synonyms of the following words from the text. Translate them:

to facilitate, particular, to occur, array, disease, excessive, pure, to collect, controversial, to elucidate

to happen, immoderate, collection, specific, illness, to gather, to ease, unmixed, to explain, disputable

III. Choose the antonyms of the following words from the text. Translate them:

a) extraordinary, temporary, total, to remain, widely, to accept, to receive, exception, to purify;

b) narrowly, to refuse, partial, to leave, to pollute, ordinary, rule, to give, permanent

IV. Match the word (1-10) and its definition (a-e):

1. enzyme	a. a blood cell that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called a red blood cell
2. substrate	b. an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both
3. metabolism	c. the reactant on which an enzyme works
4. erythrocyte	d. the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism
5. tissue	e. a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

1. biological, all, need, Almost, chemical, a, reactions, enzymes, cell, in.

2. any, activity, Some, need, components, enzymes, to show, don’t, additional, full.

3. act on, Most, much, enzymes, than, are, substrates, larger, the, they.

4. of, enzymes, amino, Like, are, all, linear, proteins, long, chains, acids.

5. functions, inside, Enzymes, living, serve, of, wide, a, organisms, variety.

6. are, to, enzymes, Many, substrate, specific, one.

7. catalyze, type, only, of, enzymes, reaction, The, of, majority, one.

8. additional, to, Enzymes, function, sometimes, non-protein, require, properly, components.

9. pH, effectively, within, most, of, Enzymes, and, work, ranges, narrow, temperature.

10. environment, need, All, the, for, enzymes, function, right, effective.

11. than, now, more, Scientists, identified, have, 1,500, enzymes, different.

12. central, Enzymes, process, are, occurs, to, biochemical, in, every, body, that, the.