- •English for students of biological departments Навчально-методичний посібник
- •Content
- •Unit 1. Biology
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make nouns from the following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make nouns with the help of suffixes -ist, -ian and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words:
- •II. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: biology
- •Notes to the texts:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Retell the text “Biology” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VI. Read the text using a dictionary and tell your partner what branch you are interested in and why: The Main Branches of Biology
- •VII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Complete the sentences using a positive, negative or question form of the verb to be:
- •II. Open the brackets. Translate the sentences:
- •III. Choose the right answer. Translate the sentences:
- •IV. Ask questions to the words in italics:
- •V. Make sentences; choose the correct form of the verb to have got:
- •VI. Translate the sentences; mind the Possessive Case of the Nouns:
- •VII. Replace the of-phrase by the noun in the possessive case:
- •Unit 2. The cell
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make adjectives from the following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make adjectives with the help of suffixes -ful, -less and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Pay attention to the formation of some plurals of Latin and Greek origin:
- •IV. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: The Cell
- •Notes to the texts:
- •V. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VI. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VII. Retell the text “The Cell” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: The Cell Theory
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •X. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Write the plural form of the following nouns. Translate them:
- •II. Write the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. Translate them:
- •III. Complete the sentences using the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given in brackets:
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian bearing in mind the various meanings of the words in italics:
- •V. Insert (a) few, (a) little:
- •VI. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •VII. Open the brackets using the Indefinite Tenses. Translate the sentences:
- •Unit 3. The molecular diversity of life
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make verbs from the following nouns. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Read the following words paying attention to the stress. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •III. Say what verbs were these words made from. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Molecules of Life
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •VI. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VIII. Retell the text “Molecules of Life” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •IX. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Amino Acids
- •Notes to the texts:
- •X. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •XI. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Use the necessary form of the indefinite article (a or an):
- •II. Insert the right article:
- •III. Insert the right article paying attention to proper names:
- •IV. Insert some or any where necessary:
- •V. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •VII. Use one or ones instead of the nouns in italics where possible:
- •VIII. Translate the sentences, mind the verbs in the Continuous Tenses:
- •Unit 4. Chemicals of life
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make adverbs from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make nouns from the following verbs with the help of suffix -ment and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Enzymes
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VI. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VII. Retell the text “Enzymes” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Minerals and Vitamins
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •X. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Open the brackets giving figures in letters:
- •II. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in words:
- •III. Choose the right word (either an adjective or an adverb):
- •IV. Open the brackets paying attention to degrees of comparison of adverbs:
- •V. Translate the sentences, mind the verbs in the Perfect Tenses:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps using since or for:
- •VII. Link part of the sentence in Column a with the correct part in Column b bearing in mind the meaning of the sentence:
- •VIII. Finish the following situations using Past Perfect:
- •Unit 5. Cromosomes and genes
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Translate into Ukrainian, mind pronunciation of the suffixes:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: What Are Genes, dna and Chromosomes? Understanding the Basics of Genetic Disorders
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •III. Make up the questions to the underlined words:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasons:
- •V. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VI. Retell text a using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it:
- •Variations in our genetic code
- •Notes to the texts:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •IX. Complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the text:
- •X. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •XI. Put as many questions as possible to the sentences of the previous exercise and be ready to answer them.
- •XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
- •II. Form Questions in Passive using the given words/phrases:
- •III. Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use Simple Present or Simple Past:
- •IV. Rewrite the sentences. Use the passive voice and keep the same tense:
- •V. Rewrite the sentences in the more natural form of passive voice:
- •VI. Make questions in passive voice to complete the dialogue:
- •VII. Introduce correct passive forms of the verb in Continuous Tenses:
- •VIII. Put the following sentences into passive voice:
- •IX. Make these present perfect sentences passive. You don't need to repeat somebody:
- •X. Rewrite the sentence given in the example in passive voice. Use the correct tense:
- •Unit 6. Mutations
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Read and translate into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur?
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •VI. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •VII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Chromosomal Mutation
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Put questions to the following statements:
- •Grammar exercises
- •II. Join the sentences and use the words in brackets:
- •III. Complete the sentences:
- •IV. Choose the correct ending:
- •V. Rewrite the complete sentences with who, which or whose. Which of these words do we use for: people? things/animals? objects to show posession?|
- •Unit 7. Mutations and environment
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Form new words with the help of the following suffixes and prefixes, translate into Ukrainian:
- •II. Form new words with the help of word building components, translate into Ukrainian:
- •III. Choose the correct word for each blank:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Mutagens: How the Environment Affects Mutation Rates
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the text:
- •II. Give the Ukrainian for:
- •VII. Match the word (1-8) and its definition (a-h):
- •VIII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •IX. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Mutagenesis in Amphibian Populations
- •Notes to the texts:
- •X. Make up the questions to the text so that the answers will make up the summary of it.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate into Ukrainian, mind the rules of sequence of tenses:
- •II. Rewrite the following sentences transforming the main clause to the Past Simple, translate them into Ukrainian:
- •III. Write the sentences using the correct form of the verb, translate them into Ukrainian:
- •IV. Make compound sentences using the sentences in parentheses as main clauses. Mind sequence of tenses rules:
- •V. Test your grammar. Mind sequence of tenses rules:
- •VI. Complete the sentences:
- •VII. Make reported questions. Start each answer with “She asked me”:
- •VIII. Make reported questions. Start your answer with “She asked me”:
- •IX. Read the dialogue and report it:
- •X. Make reported requests or orders. Start each sentence with 'she asked me' or 'she told me'. It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions:
- •XI. Test your grammar:
- •Texts for supplementary reading All Living Things Share Key Characteristics
- •Theories about the Origin of Cells
- •Dna Fingerprinting
- •Behaviour Genetics and Methods of its Strudy
- •Adult Stem Cells
- •Epigenetics
- •Genetic Engineering
- •What Causes Cancer?
- •Thomas Hunt Morgan and his Work on Drosophila
- •Early Cloning Experiments
- •Ethical Controversies of Cloning
- •Genetically Modified Organisms
- •Grammar reference guide артикль (the article)
- •Іменник (the noun)
- •Прийменник (the preposition)
- •Займенник (the pronoun)
- •Прикметник (the adjective)
- •Числівник (the numeral)
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Дієслово (the verb)
- •Теперішній неозначений час (the present indefinite tense)
- •Минулий неозначений час (the past indefinite tense)
- •Майбутній неозначений час (the future indefinite tense)
- •Теперішній тривалий час (the present continuous tense)
- •Минулий тривалий час (the past continuous tense)
- •Майбутній тривалий час (the future continuous tense)
- •Перфектні часи (perfect tenses)
- •Теперішній перфектний час (the present perfect tense)
- •Минулий перфектний час (the past perfect tense)
- •Майбутній перфектний час (the future perfect tense)
- •Пасивний стан дієслова (passive voice)
- •Узгодження часів (sequence of tenses)
- •Irregular verbs
- •Glossary
- •English for students of biological department
- •61077, М. Харків, майдан Свободи, 4
Теперішній тривалий час (the present continuous tense)
Present Continuous утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to be в Present Indefinite та дієприкметника теперішнього часу (Present Participle) основного дієслова.
Present Participle утворюється додаванням закінчення -ing до інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to:
read + ing – reading .
work + ing – working
І am working. (I'm working). We are working. (We're working). He is working. (He's working). You are working. (You're working). She is working. (She's working). They are working.(They're working). It is working. (It's working).
У дужках подано скорочені формі, що вживаються в усному мовленні.
У питальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:
Are the boys playing chess now? – Хлопці грають у шахи зараз?
Is she working in the garden now? – Вона зараз працює в саду?
What are you doing now? – Що ви робите зараз?
У заперечній формі після допоміжного дієслова вживається частка not:
The girls are not singing now. – Дівчата зараз не співають.
У питально-заперечних реченнях допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом, а частка not – після підмета:
Am I not preparing for my examinations? – Хіба я не готуюсь до екзаменів?
В усному мовленні замість is not і are not вживаються здебільшого скорочені форми isn't і aren't:
She isn't listening in now. – Вона зараз не слухає радіо.
They aren't listening in now. – Вони зараз не слухають радіо.
Why aren't you working now? – Чому ви зараз не працюєте?
Вживання Present Continuous
Present Continuous вживається для вираження дії, що відбувається в момент мовлення з обставинами часу:
Why are you crying? – Чому ти плачеш?
You are not listening to me. – Ти не слухаєш мене.
Present Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, що відбувається в певний період теперішнього часу, з обставинами часу: still, now, at this moment, at 5 o’clock, at noon, at midnight, at that moment, from 5 till 6 o’clock, the whole day, all day long.
What are you doing here in Kyiv? – Що ви робите тут, у Києві?
I'm studying at the Taras Shevchenko University. – Я вчуся в університеті ім. Тараса Шевченка.
Present Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, що відбувається одночасно з іншою дією, яка належить до теперішнього часу:
І am only happy when I am working. – Я щасливий лише тоді, коли працюю.
What does he do when he's not teaching? – Чим він займається, коли не проводить занять у школі?
Present Continuous (як і Present Indefinite) вживається для вираження запланованої майбутньої дії, особливо з дієсловами, що означають рух: to go іти, їхати; to come приходити; to leave від'їжджати; to arrive прибувати, to start вирушати та ін. У цьому разі обов'язково вживаються обставини часу:
We're flying to Paris in the morning. – Вранці ми відлітаємо до Парижа.
When are you coming back? – Коли ви повернетесь?
Is he coming tonight? – Він прийде сьогодні увечеpi?
Дієслово to go y Present Continuous з інфінітивом іншого дієслова означає намір виконати дію в найближчому майбутньому або надає їй відтінку обов'язковості, неминучості виконання дії, позначеної інфінітивом:
І am going to speak. – Я буду говорити.
Не is going to be a teacher. – Він збирається бути вчителем.
