- •English for students of biological departments Навчально-методичний посібник
- •Content
- •Unit 1. Biology
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make nouns from the following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make nouns with the help of suffixes -ist, -ian and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words:
- •II. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: biology
- •Notes to the texts:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Retell the text “Biology” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VI. Read the text using a dictionary and tell your partner what branch you are interested in and why: The Main Branches of Biology
- •VII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Complete the sentences using a positive, negative or question form of the verb to be:
- •II. Open the brackets. Translate the sentences:
- •III. Choose the right answer. Translate the sentences:
- •IV. Ask questions to the words in italics:
- •V. Make sentences; choose the correct form of the verb to have got:
- •VI. Translate the sentences; mind the Possessive Case of the Nouns:
- •VII. Replace the of-phrase by the noun in the possessive case:
- •Unit 2. The cell
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make adjectives from the following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make adjectives with the help of suffixes -ful, -less and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Pay attention to the formation of some plurals of Latin and Greek origin:
- •IV. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: The Cell
- •Notes to the texts:
- •V. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VI. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VII. Retell the text “The Cell” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: The Cell Theory
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •X. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Write the plural form of the following nouns. Translate them:
- •II. Write the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. Translate them:
- •III. Complete the sentences using the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given in brackets:
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian bearing in mind the various meanings of the words in italics:
- •V. Insert (a) few, (a) little:
- •VI. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •VII. Open the brackets using the Indefinite Tenses. Translate the sentences:
- •Unit 3. The molecular diversity of life
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make verbs from the following nouns. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Read the following words paying attention to the stress. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •III. Say what verbs were these words made from. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Molecules of Life
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •VI. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VIII. Retell the text “Molecules of Life” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •IX. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Amino Acids
- •Notes to the texts:
- •X. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •XI. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Use the necessary form of the indefinite article (a or an):
- •II. Insert the right article:
- •III. Insert the right article paying attention to proper names:
- •IV. Insert some or any where necessary:
- •V. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •VII. Use one or ones instead of the nouns in italics where possible:
- •VIII. Translate the sentences, mind the verbs in the Continuous Tenses:
- •Unit 4. Chemicals of life
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make adverbs from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make nouns from the following verbs with the help of suffix -ment and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Enzymes
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VI. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VII. Retell the text “Enzymes” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Minerals and Vitamins
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •X. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Open the brackets giving figures in letters:
- •II. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in words:
- •III. Choose the right word (either an adjective or an adverb):
- •IV. Open the brackets paying attention to degrees of comparison of adverbs:
- •V. Translate the sentences, mind the verbs in the Perfect Tenses:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps using since or for:
- •VII. Link part of the sentence in Column a with the correct part in Column b bearing in mind the meaning of the sentence:
- •VIII. Finish the following situations using Past Perfect:
- •Unit 5. Cromosomes and genes
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Translate into Ukrainian, mind pronunciation of the suffixes:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: What Are Genes, dna and Chromosomes? Understanding the Basics of Genetic Disorders
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •III. Make up the questions to the underlined words:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasons:
- •V. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VI. Retell text a using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it:
- •Variations in our genetic code
- •Notes to the texts:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •IX. Complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the text:
- •X. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •XI. Put as many questions as possible to the sentences of the previous exercise and be ready to answer them.
- •XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
- •II. Form Questions in Passive using the given words/phrases:
- •III. Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use Simple Present or Simple Past:
- •IV. Rewrite the sentences. Use the passive voice and keep the same tense:
- •V. Rewrite the sentences in the more natural form of passive voice:
- •VI. Make questions in passive voice to complete the dialogue:
- •VII. Introduce correct passive forms of the verb in Continuous Tenses:
- •VIII. Put the following sentences into passive voice:
- •IX. Make these present perfect sentences passive. You don't need to repeat somebody:
- •X. Rewrite the sentence given in the example in passive voice. Use the correct tense:
- •Unit 6. Mutations
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Read and translate into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur?
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •VI. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •VII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Chromosomal Mutation
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Put questions to the following statements:
- •Grammar exercises
- •II. Join the sentences and use the words in brackets:
- •III. Complete the sentences:
- •IV. Choose the correct ending:
- •V. Rewrite the complete sentences with who, which or whose. Which of these words do we use for: people? things/animals? objects to show posession?|
- •Unit 7. Mutations and environment
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Form new words with the help of the following suffixes and prefixes, translate into Ukrainian:
- •II. Form new words with the help of word building components, translate into Ukrainian:
- •III. Choose the correct word for each blank:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Mutagens: How the Environment Affects Mutation Rates
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the text:
- •II. Give the Ukrainian for:
- •VII. Match the word (1-8) and its definition (a-h):
- •VIII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •IX. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Mutagenesis in Amphibian Populations
- •Notes to the texts:
- •X. Make up the questions to the text so that the answers will make up the summary of it.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate into Ukrainian, mind the rules of sequence of tenses:
- •II. Rewrite the following sentences transforming the main clause to the Past Simple, translate them into Ukrainian:
- •III. Write the sentences using the correct form of the verb, translate them into Ukrainian:
- •IV. Make compound sentences using the sentences in parentheses as main clauses. Mind sequence of tenses rules:
- •V. Test your grammar. Mind sequence of tenses rules:
- •VI. Complete the sentences:
- •VII. Make reported questions. Start each answer with “She asked me”:
- •VIII. Make reported questions. Start your answer with “She asked me”:
- •IX. Read the dialogue and report it:
- •X. Make reported requests or orders. Start each sentence with 'she asked me' or 'she told me'. It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions:
- •XI. Test your grammar:
- •Texts for supplementary reading All Living Things Share Key Characteristics
- •Theories about the Origin of Cells
- •Dna Fingerprinting
- •Behaviour Genetics and Methods of its Strudy
- •Adult Stem Cells
- •Epigenetics
- •Genetic Engineering
- •What Causes Cancer?
- •Thomas Hunt Morgan and his Work on Drosophila
- •Early Cloning Experiments
- •Ethical Controversies of Cloning
- •Genetically Modified Organisms
- •Grammar reference guide артикль (the article)
- •Іменник (the noun)
- •Прийменник (the preposition)
- •Займенник (the pronoun)
- •Прикметник (the adjective)
- •Числівник (the numeral)
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Дієслово (the verb)
- •Теперішній неозначений час (the present indefinite tense)
- •Минулий неозначений час (the past indefinite tense)
- •Майбутній неозначений час (the future indefinite tense)
- •Теперішній тривалий час (the present continuous tense)
- •Минулий тривалий час (the past continuous tense)
- •Майбутній тривалий час (the future continuous tense)
- •Перфектні часи (perfect tenses)
- •Теперішній перфектний час (the present perfect tense)
- •Минулий перфектний час (the past perfect tense)
- •Майбутній перфектний час (the future perfect tense)
- •Пасивний стан дієслова (passive voice)
- •Узгодження часів (sequence of tenses)
- •Irregular verbs
- •Glossary
- •English for students of biological department
- •61077, М. Харків, майдан Свободи, 4
Теперішній перфектний час (the present perfect tense)
Present Perfect утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to have у Present Indefinite та дієприкметника минулого часу (Past Participle) основного дієслова.
Past Participle правильних дієслів утворюється додаванням до інфінітива закінчення -ed, тобто за формою Past Participle правильних дієслів не відрізняється від Past Indefinite:
to invite - invited
Past Participle неправильних дієслів треба запам'ятати:
to catch – caught
to build - built
I have worked He has worked
We have worked She has worked
You have worked It has worked
They have worked
В усному мовленні вживаються переважно скорочені форми:
I've worked He's worked
We've worked She's worked
You've worked It's worked
They've worked
У питальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:
Have you ever lived in а town? – Ви коли-небудь жили в місті?
У заперечній формі після допоміжного дієслова вживається частка not:
My friend has not yet come. – Мій друг ще не прийшов.
Скорочена заперечна форма, часто вживана в усному мовленні, має два варіанти:
І haven't = I've not
Не hasn't = He's not
You haven't changed much. – Ви не дуже змінилися.
I've not done anything since I left. – Я нічого не зробив з того часу, як виїхав.
У питально-заперечній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом, а частка not – після підмета:
Why have you not told me about him? – Чому ти не розповів мені про нього?
У питально-заперечних реченнях здебільшого вживаються скорочені форми haven't і hasn't, які ставляться перед підметом:
Hasn't he been to Kyiv? – Невже він не був у Києві?
Why haven't you put on your coat? – Чому ти не одягнув пальто?
Вживання Present Perfect
Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, яка відбулась до моменту мовлення, і той, хто говорить, має на увазі результат цієї минулої дії, її важливість на момент мовлення:
І have locked the door. – Я замкнув двері (двері зараз замкнені).
Have you turned off the gas? – Ви вимкнули газ?
Is Mrs. Drouet in? – Місіс Друе вдома?
No, she has gone to the theatre. – Hi, вона пішла в театр (зараз її нема, вона у театрі).
Час дії, вираженої дієсловом у Present Perfect, здебільшого не зазначається, тому що у центрі уваги результат дії, а не час її перебігу:
You have not told me the whole story. – Ви не розповіли мені всього.
What have they done? – Що вони зробили?
You have read more than І. – Ви читали більше, ніж я.
Present Perfect вживається також у реченнях з обставинами часу:
а) що означають період часу, який почався в минулому і тривав до моменту мовлення: up to now, up to the present до цього часу; lately нещодавно, за останній час; recently останнім часом; so far до цього часу; since відтоді; not yet ще не.
Up to now we have read three English books. – До цього часу ми прочитали три англійські книжки.
Have you seen him recently? – Ви бачили його останнім часом?
You haven't shown me your room yet. – Ви ще не показали мені своєї кімнати.
I've not done anything since I left. – Я нічого не зробив, відколи виїхав.
Have you heard from your husband lately? – Останнім часом ви мали звістку від чоловіка?
б) що означають період часу, який ще не закінчився: today сьогодні; this week цього тижня, this month цього місяця, this year цього року, this morning сьогодні вранці та ін.:
My friends have not arrived today. – Мої друзі не приїхали сьогодні.
Have you seen her today? – Ви бачили її сьогодні?
Have you breakfasted this morning? – Ви снідали сьогодні вранці?
З цими обставинами часу вживається також Past Indefinite:
A letter came from them today. – Сьогодні від них надійшов лист.
Present Perfect вживається також у реченнях з прислівниками неозначеного часу і частотності: ever коли-небудь, never ніколи, often часто, seldom рідко, already вже, just щойно:
I've often heard him tell the tale. – Я часто чув, як він розповідав цю історію.
Have you ever thought about it? – Ви коли-небудь думали про це?
We've just arrived. – Ми щойно приїхали.
Present Perfect не вживається з обставинними словами та словосполученнями, які уточнюють час минулої дії, наприклад: yesterday вчора, the day before yesterday позавчора, last week (month, year) минулого тижня (місяця, року), an hour ago годину тому, two days ago два дні тому, on Monday у понеділок, in July у липні, in 1945 у 1945 році тощо, а також у запитаннях з питальним словом when. З такими обставинами часу вживається Past Indefinite:
She went two days ago. – Вона поїхала два дні тому.
When did you see her? – Коли ви бачили її?
Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії або стану, що триває з якогось моменту в минулому аж до моменту мовлення. У цьому значенні Present Perfect вживається переважно з дієсловами, що не мають форми Continuous:
І have known her for years. – Я знав її багато років.
І haven't seen you for a whole year. – Я не бачив вас цілий рік.
Where have you been sinсе last Thursday? – Де ти був з минулого четверга?
Has he been asleep all this time? – Він спав весь цей час?
How long have you been here? – Скільки часу ви перебуваєте тут?
І have long wanted to see you. – Я давно хотіла побачитися з тобою.
І have been here for a few days only. – Я тут лише кілька днів.
Період тривалості дії здебільшого позначається прийменником for (for an hour протягом години, for ten years протягом десяти років, for a long time довгий час і т. п.), а початок дії –– словом since (since five o'clock з п'ятої години, since Monday з понеділка, since I saw him з того часу, як я його бачив і т. п.).
У підрядних реченнях часу й умови Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, що закінчилась до певного моменту в майбутньому:
І cannot let you go till you have heard me. – Я не можу відпустити вас, поки ви не вислухаєте мене.
You shall not go till you have told me all. – Ви не підете, поки не розповісте мені все.
When you have found the land where there is happiness, І will join you there. – Коли ви знайдете країну, де є щастя, я приєднаюсь до вас там.
У цьому разі Present Perfect перекладається на українську мову майбутнім часом.
