IX. Read the dialogue and report it:

Mike: "What are you doing here, Liz? I haven't seen you since June."

Liz: "I've just come back from my holiday in Ireland."

Mike: "Did you enjoy it?"

Liz: "I love Ireland. And the Irish people were so friendly."

Mike: "Did you go to the Wicklow Mountains?"

Liz: "It was my first trip. I can show you some pictures. Are you doing anything tomorrow?" Mike: "I must arrange a couple of things. But I am free tonight."

Liz: "You might come to my place. What time shall we meet?"

Mike: "I'll be there at eight. Is it all right?"

Mike asked Liz …. And he said ….

Liz explained that …

Mike wondered ….

Liz told him that … and that ….

Mike wanted to know …

Liz said that … and that she … And then she asked him if ….

Mike explained that … But he added that …

Liz suggested that … and asked him ….

Mike said … And then he asked …

X. Make reported requests or orders. Start each sentence with 'she asked me' or 'she told me'. It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions:

Example: “Could I use your phone?” – She asked to use my phone.

1. "Please help me carry this" 2. "Please come early" 3. "Please buy some milk" . 4. "Could you please open the window?" 5. "Could you bring the book tonight?" 6. "Can you help me with my homework, please?" 7. "Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?" 8. "Would you mind passing the salt?" 9. "Would you mind lending me a pencil?" 10. "I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?" 11. "Do your homework!" 12. "Don't smoke!" 13. "Don't be late!" 14. "Go to bed!" 15. "Tidy your room!" 16. "Wait here!" 17. "Don't do that!" 18. "Eat your dinner!" 19. "Don't make a mess!" 20. "Do the washing-up!"

XI. Test your grammar:

1. I told him _____ do it.

a) to not

b) to don't

c) not to

d) don't

2. He asked us _____ show our passports.

a) if

b) to

c) for

3. She asked us if we _____ finished the work on Monday.

a) have

b) had

c) will have

d) Either could be used here.

4. She asked us _____ on time.

a) to be

b) for being

c) be

5. She asked if she _____ leave early.

a) can

b) could

c) will be able to

6. They asked me _____ going to the party.

a) that I was

b) if I was

c) if I am

7. He told me _____ my father.

a) phone

b) to phone

c) phoned

8. She said that no one _____ to the meeting last week.

a) has come

b) had come

c) would come

9. He asked me what I _____ if I failed to get the job.

a) would do

b) would have done

c) will do

10. He said he _____ her before.

a) didn't meet

b) hadn't met

c) hasn’t met

Texts for supplementary reading All Living Things Share Key Characteristics

The earth formed as a hot mass of molten rock about 4.6 billion years ago. As the earth cooled, much of the water vapor present in its atmosphere condensed into liquid water, which accumulated on the surface in chemically rich oceans. One scenario for the origin of life is that it originated in this dilute, hot smelly soup of ammonia, formaldehyde, formic acid, cyanide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and organic hydrocarbons. Whether at the oceans’ edge, in hydrothermal deep-sea vents, or elsewhere, the consensus among researchers is that life arose spontaneously from these early waters less than 4 billion years ago. While the way in which this happened remains a puzzle, one cannot escape a certain curiosity about the earliest steps that eventually led to the origin of all living things on earth, including ourselves. How did organisms evolve from the complex molecules that swirled in the early oceans?

What Is Life? Before we can address this question, we must first consider what qualifies something as “living.” What is life? This is a difficult question to answer, largely because life itself is not a simple concept. If you try to write a definition of “life,” you will find that it is not an easy task, because of the loose manner in which the term is used. Imagine a situation in which two astronauts encounter a large, amorphous blob on the surface of a planet. How would they determine whether it is alive?

Movement. One of the first things the astronauts might do is observe the blob to see if it moves. Most animals move about, but movement from one place to another in itself is not diagnostic of life. Most plants and even some animals do not move about, while numerous nonliving objects, such as clouds, do move. The criterion of movement is thus neither necessary (possessed by all life) nor sufficient (possessed only by life).

Sensitivity. The astronauts might prod the blob to see if it responds. Almost all living things respond to stimuli. Plants grow toward light, and animals retreat from fire. Not all stimuli produce responses, however. Imagine kicking a redwood tree or singing to a hibernating bear. This criterion, although superior to the first, is still inadequate to define life.

Death. The astronauts might attempt to kill the blob. All living things die, while inanimate objects do not. Death is not easily distinguished from disorder, however; a car that breaks down has not died because it was never alive. Death is simply the loss of life, so this is a circular definition at best. Unless one can detect life, death is a meaningless concept, and hence a very inadequate criterion for defining life.

Complexity. Finally, the astronauts might cut up the blob, to see if it is complexly organized. All living things are complex. Even the simplest bacteria into many complex structures. However a computer is also complex, but not alive. Complexity is a necessary criterion of life, but it is not sufficient in itself to identify living things because many complex things are not alive. To determine whether the blob is alive, the astronauts would have to learn more about it. Probably the best thing they could do would be to examine it more carefully and determine whether it resembles the organisms we are familiar with, and if so, how.

What are the fundamental properties of life? All known organisms share certain general properties. To a large degree, these properties define what we mean by life. The following fundamental properties are shared by all organisms on earth.

Cellular organization. All organisms consist of one or more cells—complex, organized assemblages of molecules enclosed within membranes.

Sensitivity. All organisms respond to stimuli — though not always to the same stimuli in the same ways.

Growth. All living things assimilate energy and use it to grow, a process called metabolism. Plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight to create covalent carboncarbon bonds from CO2 and H2O through photosynthesis. This transfer of the energy in covalent bonds is essential to all life on earth.

Development. Multicellular organisms undergo systematic gene-directed changes as they grow and mature.

Reproduction. All living things reproduce, passing on traits from one generation to the next. Although some organisms live for a very long time, no organism lives forever, as far as we know. Because all organisms die, ongoing life is impossible without reproduction.

Regulation. All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that coordinate internal processes.

Homeostasis. All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment.