Notes to the texts:

passage – проходження; прохід, перехід

via – через, за допомогою

sperm – сперма

ova – яйцеклітини

ovum – яйцеклітина

ancestor – предок, прабатько

identical twins – однояйцеві близнюки

drive – рухати

deletion – викреслювання; витирання

insertion – вставляння; включення

exposure – виставляння, оголення

VIII. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:

1. What kind of genes do all humans have?

2. Is the sequence of our base pairs remarkably similar?

3. Do we have exactly the same nucleotide sequence in our genome?

4. What does the passage of the genetic code from generation to generation require?

5. What do replication errors occasionally produce?

6. What makes each of us genetically unique?

7. What kind of genetic variations may occur?

8. What are the reasons for the variations in the genetic code?

9. What is one of the most common causes of genetic variation?

10. What do our cells need?

IX. Complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the text:

1. All humans have the same …

2. While replication is remarkably precise, …

3. Changes in the base sequence drive …

4. Variations in the code can occur during our life …

5. … need to be continually replaced.

6. However, ageing …

X. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

1. hereditary, by which, into, the set of rules, The genetic code, information, is, is, translated, proteins.

2. of DNA, their genes, living organisms, encode, in long strands, The vast, majority of.

3. are, genes, operons, Many, prokaryotic, into, organized.

4. helix, very, DNA, A chromosome, thousands of genes, consists, which, are, of, a single, long, on, encoded.

5. chromosomes , 1, There are, sex, pairs, 22, of, autosomes, pair, of, and.

6. an XY chromosome, an XX chromosome, Females, have, have, men, while.

7. the human, up, All the DNA, genome, the cell, in, makes.

XI. Put as many questions as possible to the sentences of the previous exercise and be ready to answer them.

XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:

1. Your younger brother comes up to you and asks what DNA is. Explain the functions of DNA to him.

2. Ask your friend if there is any difference between phenotype and genotype. Discuss his/her answer.

3. Discuss with you friend all possible causes of genetic variations.

4. Your group-mate wants to make a list of dominant and recessive traits in a man. Help him/her to do this task.

Grammar exercises

I. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:

Example: I watered the flowers. – The flowers were watered.

1. Ford offered Bill a job.

2. My partner will send you the fax.

3. My parents give me some pocket money.

4. The mayor promised new flats to people.

5. The teacher will show slides to students.

6. The bank will lend them enough money.

7. The manager gave them a discount.

II. Form Questions in Passive using the given words/phrases:

Example: coffee / grown / in South America / is? – Is coffee grown in South America?

1. the thieves / caught / were

2. always / are written / in / the language / lab / the tests

3. accepted / my / apology / will / be

4. eagles / are / found / in / Alaska

5. for / the / World Exhibition / in / 1889 / built / the Eiffel Tower / was

6. by / computers / will / replaced / the workers / be

7. together / beans / and / carrots / cooked / be / can

8. the accident / by / the police / was / yesterday / seen

9. the first / underground / railway / was / where / opened

10. be going to / returned / to / the school / the books / are