- •English for students of biological departments Навчально-методичний посібник
- •Content
- •Unit 1. Biology
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make nouns from the following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make nouns with the help of suffixes -ist, -ian and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words:
- •II. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: biology
- •Notes to the texts:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Retell the text “Biology” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VI. Read the text using a dictionary and tell your partner what branch you are interested in and why: The Main Branches of Biology
- •VII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Complete the sentences using a positive, negative or question form of the verb to be:
- •II. Open the brackets. Translate the sentences:
- •III. Choose the right answer. Translate the sentences:
- •IV. Ask questions to the words in italics:
- •V. Make sentences; choose the correct form of the verb to have got:
- •VI. Translate the sentences; mind the Possessive Case of the Nouns:
- •VII. Replace the of-phrase by the noun in the possessive case:
- •Unit 2. The cell
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make adjectives from the following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make adjectives with the help of suffixes -ful, -less and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Pay attention to the formation of some plurals of Latin and Greek origin:
- •IV. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: The Cell
- •Notes to the texts:
- •V. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VI. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VII. Retell the text “The Cell” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: The Cell Theory
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •X. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Write the plural form of the following nouns. Translate them:
- •II. Write the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. Translate them:
- •III. Complete the sentences using the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given in brackets:
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian bearing in mind the various meanings of the words in italics:
- •V. Insert (a) few, (a) little:
- •VI. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •VII. Open the brackets using the Indefinite Tenses. Translate the sentences:
- •Unit 3. The molecular diversity of life
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make verbs from the following nouns. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Read the following words paying attention to the stress. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •III. Say what verbs were these words made from. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Molecules of Life
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •VI. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VIII. Retell the text “Molecules of Life” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •IX. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Amino Acids
- •Notes to the texts:
- •X. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •XI. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Use the necessary form of the indefinite article (a or an):
- •II. Insert the right article:
- •III. Insert the right article paying attention to proper names:
- •IV. Insert some or any where necessary:
- •V. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
- •VII. Use one or ones instead of the nouns in italics where possible:
- •VIII. Translate the sentences, mind the verbs in the Continuous Tenses:
- •Unit 4. Chemicals of life
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Make adverbs from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •II. Make nouns from the following verbs with the help of suffix -ment and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Enzymes
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •V. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •VI. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VII. Retell the text “Enzymes” using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Minerals and Vitamins
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •X. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Open the brackets giving figures in letters:
- •II. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in words:
- •III. Choose the right word (either an adjective or an adverb):
- •IV. Open the brackets paying attention to degrees of comparison of adverbs:
- •V. Translate the sentences, mind the verbs in the Perfect Tenses:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps using since or for:
- •VII. Link part of the sentence in Column a with the correct part in Column b bearing in mind the meaning of the sentence:
- •VIII. Finish the following situations using Past Perfect:
- •Unit 5. Cromosomes and genes
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Translate into Ukrainian, mind pronunciation of the suffixes:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: What Are Genes, dna and Chromosomes? Understanding the Basics of Genetic Disorders
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •III. Make up the questions to the underlined words:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasons:
- •V. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VI. Retell text a using the questions after it as a plan.
- •VII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it:
- •Variations in our genetic code
- •Notes to the texts:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •IX. Complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the text:
- •X. Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:
- •XI. Put as many questions as possible to the sentences of the previous exercise and be ready to answer them.
- •XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
- •II. Form Questions in Passive using the given words/phrases:
- •III. Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use Simple Present or Simple Past:
- •IV. Rewrite the sentences. Use the passive voice and keep the same tense:
- •V. Rewrite the sentences in the more natural form of passive voice:
- •VI. Make questions in passive voice to complete the dialogue:
- •VII. Introduce correct passive forms of the verb in Continuous Tenses:
- •VIII. Put the following sentences into passive voice:
- •IX. Make these present perfect sentences passive. You don't need to repeat somebody:
- •X. Rewrite the sentence given in the example in passive voice. Use the correct tense:
- •Unit 6. Mutations
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Read and translate into Ukrainian:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur?
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •VI. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:
- •VII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •VIII. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Chromosomal Mutation
- •Notes to the texts:
- •IX. Put questions to the following statements:
- •Grammar exercises
- •II. Join the sentences and use the words in brackets:
- •III. Complete the sentences:
- •IV. Choose the correct ending:
- •V. Rewrite the complete sentences with who, which or whose. Which of these words do we use for: people? things/animals? objects to show posession?|
- •Unit 7. Mutations and environment
- •Wordbuilding
- •I. Form new words with the help of the following suffixes and prefixes, translate into Ukrainian:
- •II. Form new words with the help of word building components, translate into Ukrainian:
- •III. Choose the correct word for each blank:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Read the following biological terms and international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
- •III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Mutagens: How the Environment Affects Mutation Rates
- •IV. Answer the following questions to check how carefully you have read the text:
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Complete the following to make suitable sentences according to the text:
- •II. Give the Ukrainian for:
- •VII. Match the word (1-8) and its definition (a-h):
- •VIII. Translate the following text into English using the words from the text:
- •IX. Read the text using a dictionary and speak on it: Mutagenesis in Amphibian Populations
- •Notes to the texts:
- •X. Make up the questions to the text so that the answers will make up the summary of it.
- •XI. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate into Ukrainian, mind the rules of sequence of tenses:
- •II. Rewrite the following sentences transforming the main clause to the Past Simple, translate them into Ukrainian:
- •III. Write the sentences using the correct form of the verb, translate them into Ukrainian:
- •IV. Make compound sentences using the sentences in parentheses as main clauses. Mind sequence of tenses rules:
- •V. Test your grammar. Mind sequence of tenses rules:
- •VI. Complete the sentences:
- •VII. Make reported questions. Start each answer with “She asked me”:
- •VIII. Make reported questions. Start your answer with “She asked me”:
- •IX. Read the dialogue and report it:
- •X. Make reported requests or orders. Start each sentence with 'she asked me' or 'she told me'. It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time expressions:
- •XI. Test your grammar:
- •Texts for supplementary reading All Living Things Share Key Characteristics
- •Theories about the Origin of Cells
- •Dna Fingerprinting
- •Behaviour Genetics and Methods of its Strudy
- •Adult Stem Cells
- •Epigenetics
- •Genetic Engineering
- •What Causes Cancer?
- •Thomas Hunt Morgan and his Work on Drosophila
- •Early Cloning Experiments
- •Ethical Controversies of Cloning
- •Genetically Modified Organisms
- •Grammar reference guide артикль (the article)
- •Іменник (the noun)
- •Прийменник (the preposition)
- •Займенник (the pronoun)
- •Прикметник (the adjective)
- •Числівник (the numeral)
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Дієслово (the verb)
- •Теперішній неозначений час (the present indefinite tense)
- •Минулий неозначений час (the past indefinite tense)
- •Майбутній неозначений час (the future indefinite tense)
- •Теперішній тривалий час (the present continuous tense)
- •Минулий тривалий час (the past continuous tense)
- •Майбутній тривалий час (the future continuous tense)
- •Перфектні часи (perfect tenses)
- •Теперішній перфектний час (the present perfect tense)
- •Минулий перфектний час (the past perfect tense)
- •Майбутній перфектний час (the future perfect tense)
- •Пасивний стан дієслова (passive voice)
- •Узгодження часів (sequence of tenses)
- •Irregular verbs
- •Glossary
- •English for students of biological department
- •61077, М. Харків, майдан Свободи, 4
Майбутній перфектний час (the future perfect tense)
Future Perfect утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to have y Future Indefinite та дієприкметниками минулого часу (Past Participle) основного дієслова:
І shall have done. You will have done.
We shall have done. They will have done.
He will have done.
She will have done.
It will have done.
У питальній формі перше допоміжне дієслово shall/will ставиться перед підметом:
Will he have done?
У заперечній формі після першого допоміжного дієслова shall/will вживається частка not:
Не will not have done.
В усному мовленні вживаються такі ж скорочення, як і в Future Indefinite:
I'll have done; I shan't have done. He won't have done.
Вживання Future Perfect
Future Perfect вживається для вираження майбутньої дії, що закінчиться до певного моменту або до початку іншої дії в майбутньому:
You'll have forgotten me by then. – До того часу ви мене забудете.
I'll have read the story by the time you come back. – Я прочитаю оповідання, поки ти повернешся.
У підрядних реченнях часу та умови замість Future Perfect вживається Present Perfect.
Her room shall be ready before she has finished her tea. – Ії кімната буде готова, перш ніж вона закінчить пити чай.
We'll get a new flat when they have built the house. – Ми одержимо нову квартиpy, коли вони збудують цей будинок.
Пасивний стан дієслова (passive voice)
В англійській мові дієслова вживаються в активному стані (the Active Voice) і пасивному (the Passive Voice). Якщо підметом речення є суб'єкт дії, то дієслово-присудок вживається в активному стані:
My brother wrote this letter yesterday. – Мій брат написав цього листа вчора.
Якщо підметом речення є об'єкт дії, то дієслово-присудок вживається в пасивному стані:
This letter was written yesterday. – Цей лист був написаний учора.
Усі часові форми пасивного стану в англійській мові утворюються з відповідних часів допоміжного дієслова to be та дієприкметника минулого часу основного дієслова.
а) Present (Past, Future) Indefinite Passive утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to be в Present (Past, Future) Indefinite та дієприкметника минулого часу (Past Participle) основного дієслова.
Present Indefinite Passive: I am examined.
He (she, it) is examined.
We (you, they) are examined.
Past Indefinite Passive: I (he, she, it) was examined.
We (you, they) were examined.
Future Indefinite Passive: I (we) shall be examined.
He (she, it, you, they) will be examined.
б) Present (Past) Continuous Passive утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to be в Present (Past) Continuous та дієприкметника минулого часу основного дієслова. Future Continuous в пасивному стані не вживається.
Present Continuous Passive: I am being examined.
He (she, it) is being examined.
We (you, they) are being examined.
Past Continuous Passive: I (he, she, it) was being examined.
We (you, they) were being examined.
Часові форми групи Perfect Continuous у пасивному стані не вживаються.
У питальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:
Where was this book published? – Де була видана ця книжка?
При складеній формі допоміжного дієслова перед підметом ставиться перше допоміжне дієслово:
Has the house been built? – Будинок збудовано?
When will the telegram be sent? – Коли буде відправлено телеграму?
У заперечній формі частка not ставиться після допоміжного дієслова:
Не was not sent there. – Його туди не посилали.
При складеній формі допоміжного дієслова заперечна частка not ставиться після першого допоміжного дієслова:
The bridge has not yet been built. – Міст ще не збудовано.
У питально-заперечній формі допоміжне дієслово (або перше допоміжне дієслово в складеній формі) ставиться перед підметом, а частка not – після підмета.
Is the letter not written? – Листа не написано?
Has the telegram not been sent? – Телеграму не відіслано?
В усному мовленні вживаються ті самі скорочення, що й у часових формах активного стану, наприклад:
Не will be asked = He'll be asked. – Його запитають.
I've been examined. – Мене проекзаменували.
She won't be sent there. – Її туди не пошлють.
Часові форми пасивного стану вживаються за тими самими правилами, що й відповідні часи активного стану (див. вживання часів активного стану).
Так, часи групи Indefinite пасивного стану, як і активного, виражають одноразову, повторювану або постійну дію в теперішньому, минулому або майбутньому часі і вживаються для вираження майбутньої дії в підрядних реченнях часу та умови.
This museum is visited every day. – Цей музей відвідують щодня.
Today English is written, spoken, broadcast and understood on every continent. – Сьогодні англійською мовою пишуть, розмовляють, ведуть радіопередачі, її розуміють на всіх континентах.
Iron is attracted by magnet. – Залізо притягується магнітом.
I'll go there if I am invited. – Я піду туди, якщо мене запросять.
The ball was found in the yard. – М'яча знайшли у дворі.
This was usually said in the Doctor's presence. – Це звичайно говорилося в присутності лікаря.
The text will be translated into Ukrainian. – Текст буде перекладено українською мовою.
This you’ll never be told. – Цього тобі ніколи не скажуть.
Часи групи Continuous пасивного стану, як і активного, виражають тривалу дію, що відбувається в якийсь момент або період часу в теперішньому чи минулому.
A multistoreyed house is being built near our school. – Біля нашої школи будується багатоповерховий будинок.
A new wide road was being finished that would go over the mountains and down to the bridge. – Закінчувалося будівництво нової широкої дороги, що мала проходити через гори до мосту.
Часи групи Perfect пасивного стану, як і активного, виражають дію, що передує іншій дії або якомусь моменту в теперішньому, минулому або майбутньому часі. Крім цього, перфектні часи, особливо Present Perfect Passive, вживаються для підкреслення результату дії, що відбулася:
The windows have still not been repaired. – Вікна ще не відремонтовані.
The book has been translated into Ukrainian. – Книжка була перекладена українською мовою.
I was thinking of all that had been said. – Я думав про все, що було сказано.
He led her to an old-fashioned house which had been built long ago. – Він повів її до старомодного будинку, побудованого дуже давно.
But it was too late. She had been seen. – Але було надто пізно. Її вже побачили.
Замість Present Perfect Continuous та Past Perfect Continuous, які не мають форм пасивного стану, відповідно вживаються Present Perfect і Past Perfect Passive.
The plan has been discussed for two hours. – План обговорюється уже дві години.
I knew that the plant had been built for two years. – Я знав, що завод будується вже два роки.
